1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationGeographic information Place Identifier (PI) architectureBS ISO 19155:2012National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 19155:2012.The UK participation i
2、n its preparation was entrusted to Technical CommitteeIST/36, Geographic information.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for its
3、correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 70200 6ICS 35.240.70Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the StandardsPolicy and Stra
4、tegy Committee on 31 December 2012.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 19155:2012 ISO 2012Geographic information Place Identifier (PI) architectureInformation gographique Architecture didentifiants de lieu (IL)INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO19155First editi
5、on2012-11-01Reference numberISO 19155:2012(E)BS ISO 19155:2012ISO 19155:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mec
6、hanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.org
7、Published in SwitzerlandBS ISO 19155:2012ISO 19155:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Conformance . 12.1 Conformance clause 12.2 Conformance tests for Semantics 12.3 Conformance tests for Data 12.4 Conformance tests for Services 12.5 Conformanc
8、e tests for PI encoding 13 Normative references 14 Terms and definitions . 25 Abbreviated terms and notation 45.1 Abbreviated terms . 45.2 UML Notation . 46 PI Reference Model 56.1 Background 56.2 PI Reference Model components . 66.3 PI platform 76.4 PI interface 76.5 PI user . 87 PI platform compon
9、ents . 87.1 Overall layout of the PI platform . 87.2 Data . 97.3 Services . 118 Interfaces for the PI platform.148.1 Overview . 148.2 Interface for PI matching service . 148.3 Interface for PI reference system service 168.4 Structures . 208.5 Exception handling . 27Annex A (normative) Abstract test
10、suite .29Annex B (normative) PI encoding using GML .34Annex C (informative) PI encoding using tag URI Scheme .36Annex D (informative) PI encoding using Well Known Text (WKT) 37Annex E (informative) Use case examples .38Bibliography .41BS ISO 19155:2012ISO 19155:2012(E)ForewordISO (the International
11、Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been esta
12、blished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardiza
13、tion.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
14、 Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such pat
15、ent rights.ISO 19155 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.iv ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 19155:2012ISO 19155:2012(E)IntroductionThe rapid development of information technology has blurred the boundaries between the real and virtual worlds in such a
16、way that they cannot easily be disassociated from each other. Humans can reference places in both worlds and easily differentiate between them. However for computers to clearly differentiate these places, a set of matched linkages between them are required. In the discipline of geography, space norm
17、ally refers to the surface of the earth. However, in other disciplines, space can refer to different paradigms. In architecture, space may be the extent of a room or a building. In mathematics, space is defined as a set having structure. In the context of the World Wide Web space is defined by URLs/
18、URIs that identify web pages. Within this International Standard “space” is considered as a set having structure, in which a position or location identifies an element.Currently, within the domain of ISO/TC 211, standards exist for precise positioning and locating using either coordinates or geograp
19、hic identifiers. However, the concept of place is broader than both position and location. A “place” is referred to as a “position” when that place is identified using coordinates. Similarly, a “place” is referred to as a “location” when that place is identified using geographic identifiers. However
20、, existing standards defined by ISO/TC 211 do not provide a mechanism for the representation of a virtual “place” such as a website, or a construct acting as a “common base” which can be used to refer to the other types of identifiers.Within this International Standard, “place” is defined as an iden
21、tifiable part of any space. This may include “places” existing not only in the real world but also those in the virtual world. Places are identified using either “position” by coordinates, “location” by geographic identifiers, or “virtual world identifiers” such as a URI. In this International Stand
22、ard, the identifier of a place is referred to as a Place Identifier (PI). A single “place” may be identified using several separate Place Identifiers. Clarification of these relationships is shown in Figure 1.PositionURI etc.LocationReal World Identifiers Virtual World IdentifiersPlace IdentifierFig
23、ure 1 Relationships among place, position, location and URIPlace descriptions are used for information retrieval. In reality, those identifiers often refer to the same place. Currently these relationships are difficult for machines to correctly distinguish, which impedes the discovery and retrieval
24、of information. The conceptual architecture and reference model defined in this International Standard provides a mechanism for solving these problems.When implemented, this architecture would enable the access and sharing of place descriptions using the Place Identifier as the standardized method.W
25、ithin the reference model, place descriptions are defined using a PI. A PI consists of a reference system (RS), a value, and the valid temporal period of that value. ISO 2012 All rights reserved vBS ISO 19155:2012ISO 19155:2012(E)The internal format and content of the value are determined by each co
26、mmunity or domain. The content of the values are not subject to any kind of standardization or unification by this International Standard. The RS is also defined by each community, and should be unique across multiple communities. Subsequently, Place Identifiers are unique within each RS. However, t
27、he values of the Place Identifiers may be similar or even identical across multiple communities. This distributed concept ensures that each community would maintain their own Place Identifiers. Well formed Place Identifiers may be shared between communities.Instead of specifying a framework for a gl
28、obally unique type of identifier, the key idea of the architecture defined in this International Standard enables the original place descriptions to be easily maintained, without requiring difficult conversions and cross-community harmonization. An encoding scheme based on Geography Markup Language
29、(GML) (ISO 19136:2007) is normatively defined in this International Standard. In addition, a group of alternate encoding schemes are presented as informative annexes. Depending on the encoding method of choice, globally unique Place Identifiers may be created resulting from the requirements of the e
30、ncoding method used. Methods for the conversion of “located features” to Place Identifiers are not covered within the scope of this International Standard. While the direct relationship with the PI Architecture and other Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) is not explained, an implementation of the
31、PI Architecture can be considered part of an SDI. Various constructs, such as registries and databases, may be used to store Place Identifiers. The flexible structure of the Place Identifier will allow for data stored in common GI systems to be easily registered as Place Identifiers, however, the de
32、sign and implementation of those procedures is out of scope of this International Standard.vi ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 19155:2012INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19155:2012(E)Geographic information Place Identifier (PI) architecture1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies an architecture tha
33、t defines a reference model with an encoding method for an identifier of a place. The concept of “place” within this International Standard includes “places” not only in the real world but also those in the virtual world. These “places” are identified using either coordinate identifiers, geographic
34、identifiers, or virtual world identifiers such as URI. In this International Standard, an identifier of a place is referred to as a Place Identifier (PI).The reference model defines a mechanism to match multiple Place Identifiers to the same place. In addition, a data structure and set of service in
35、terfaces are also defined in this reference model.This International Standard is applicable to location based services, emergency management services and other application domains that require a common architecture, across specific domains, for the representation of place descriptions using coordina
36、te, geographic, or virtual world identifiers. This International Standard is not about producing any kind of specific place description, nor about defining a unique, standardized description of defined places, such as an address coding scheme.2 Conformance2.1 Conformance clauseThis International Sta
37、ndard specifies four conformance classes. The following conformance clauses should be followed in order to meet the requirements of this International Standard.2.2 Conformance tests for SemanticsTo conform to this International Standard, instances of PI_PlaceIdentifier, PI_ReferenceSystem, PI_Matchi
38、ngTable, and PI_MatchedPISet shall satisfy the requirements of A.1.2.3 Conformance tests for DataTo conform to this International Standard, data stored in the PI matching table and the reference system shall satisfy the requirements of A.2.2.4 Conformance tests for ServicesTo conform to this Interna
39、tional Standard, interfaces between services and users that the PI matching service and the reference system service implement shall satisfy the requirements of A.3.2.5 Conformance tests for PI encodingTo conform to this International Standard, encoded instances of PI_PlaceIdentifier shall satisfy t
40、he requirements of A.4.3 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced documen
41、t (including any amendments) applies. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 19155:2012ISO 19155:2012(E)ISO/TS 19103:2005, Geographic Information Conceptual schema languageISO 19111:2007, Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinatesISO 19112:2003, Geographic information Spatial referencin
42、g by geographic identifiersISO 19136:2007, Geographic information Geography Markup Language4 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.4.1clientsoftware component that can invoke an operation from a server (4.16)ISO 19128:2005, 4.14.2coordinate
43、one of a sequence of n numbers designating the position of a point in n-dimensional spaceISO 19111:2007, 4.5NOTE In a coordinate reference system (4.4), the coordinate numbers are qualified by units.4.3coordinate operationchange of coordinates (4.2), based on a one-to-one relationship, from one coor
44、dinate reference system (4.4) to anotherISO 19111:2007, 4.7NOTE Supertype of coordinate transformation and coordinate conversion.4.4coordinate reference systemcoordinate (4.2) system that is related to an object by a datumISO 19111:2007, 4.8NOTE For geodetic and vertical datums, the object will be t
45、he Earth.4.5gazetteerdirectory of instances of a class or classes of features containing some information regarding positionISO 19112:2003, 4.2NOTE The positional information need not be coordinates (4.2), but could be descriptive.4.6geographic identifierspatial reference (4.19) in the form of a lab
46、el or code that identifies a locationISO 19112:2003, 4.3EXAMPLE Spain is an example of a country name; SW1P 3AD is an example of a postcode.2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 19155:2012ISO 19155:2012(E)4.7interfacenamed set of operations that characterize the behaviour of an entityISO 19119:2005,
47、4.24.8placeidentifiable part of any space4.9Place IdentifierPIreference that identifies a place (4.8)NOTE The same place may be referenced by multiple Place Identifier (4.9) instances. Each instance will be associated with a different reference system.4.10Place Identifier applicationPI applicationap
48、plication providing services (4.17) that use Place Identifiers (4.9) to end users (4.21) or other applications4.11Place Identifier matchingPI matchingmatching of a Place Identifier (4.9) specifying a place (4.8) with another type of PI identifying the same placeNOTE 1 A source PI can be matched with
49、 multiple target Place Identifiers.NOTE 2 PI matching (4.11) can be made among coordinates (4.2), geographic identifiers (4.6) and identifiers in the virtual world such as URI.4.12Place Identifier platformPI platformgroup of service (4.17) interfaces (4.7) and data structures used for PI matching (4.11)4.13registrationassignment of a permanent, unique, and unambiguous identifier to an itemISO 19135:2005, 4.1.124.14requestinvocation of an operation by a client (4.1)ISO 19128:2005, 4.104.15responseres
