1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 4037-4:2004 X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy Part 4: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters in low energy X reference radiation fields ICS 17.240 BS ISO 4037-4
2、:2004 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 18 October 2004 BSI 18 October 2004 ISBN 0 580 44619 0 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 4037-4:2004 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK par
3、ticipation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement i
4、nternational publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to i
5、nclude all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any en
6、quiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a blank
7、 page, pages 1 to 19 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments Reference number ISO 4037-4:2004(E) OSI 2004INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4037-4 First edition 2004-10-15 X
8、and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy Part 4: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters in low energy X reference radiation fields Rayonnements X et gamma de rfrence pour ltalonnage des dosimtr
9、es et des dbitmtres et pour la dtermination de leur rponse en fonction de lnergie des photons Partie 4: talonnage des dosimtres de zone (ou dambiance) et individuels dans des champs de rfrence X de faible nergie BSISO40374:2004IS-7304 O4:(4002E) DPlcsid Fremia ihTs PDF file may ctnoian emdebt dedyfe
10、pcaes. In ccaocnadrw eith Aebods licensilop gnic,y this file mairp eb ynted iv roweb detu slahl ton ide ebtlnu deess the typefaces whice era hml era deddebicsnede to i dnanstlaled t noeh computfrep reormign tide ehtin.g In wodlnidaot gnhis file, trapise atpecc tiereht nser ehnopsiiblity fo not infri
11、igngn Aebods licensilop gnic.y ehT ISO tneClar Secrteiraat caceptl on siibality in this .aera Ai ebods a tredamafo kr Aebod SystemI sncotaropr.de teDails fo teh softwacudorp erts sut deo crtaee this PDF file cna f ebi dnuon tlareneG eh Info leratit evo the file; tP ehDc-Frtaeion marapterew setpo eri
12、mizde for irpnti.gn Evyre caer neeb sah taken to sneeru that the file is suitlbae fosu re yb ISO memdob rebeis. In tlnu ehikletneve y ttah lborp aem leratit gno it is f,dnuo plsaee inform ttneC ehlar Secrteiraat ta the serddaig sleb nevwo. ISO 2004 All irthgs erse.devr lnUeto sswrehise specified, on
13、 trap fo this lbupictaion maeb y cudorperro de tuilizi den yna form ro na ybm ynae,s lecetrinoc ro mecinahcal, inclidung tohpcoiypodna gn micrfoilm, wittuoh repmissii non writign from ietI rehSa Ot tsserdda eh ebolw or ISOs memreb i ydobn the cnuotrfo y ttseuqer ehe.r ISO cirypothg fofice saCe tsopa
14、le 65 eneG 1121-HC 02 av leT. 4 + 10 947 22 1 11 xaF0 947 22 14 + 9 74 E-mail coirypthgiso.o gr We bwww.is.o gro Pulbisdehi n Switlrez dnaii ISO 4002 Allr ithgsr esedevrBSISO40374:2004IS-7304 O4:(4002E) I SO 4002 All irthgs ersedevr iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative r
15、eferences. 1 3 Terms and definitions. 2 4 Symbols (and abbreviated terms) . 2 5 General procedures for calibrating and determining response. 4 6 Characterisation and production of low energy X-ray reference radiations 4 6.1 General. 4 6.2 Tube potential 4 6.3 Field uniformity and scattered radiation
16、 5 6.4 Spectral fluence and conversion coefficients . 5 7 Dosimetry of low energy reference radiations. 6 7.1 General. 6 7.2 Operation of the standard instruments 6 7.2.1 Instruments for the measurement of air kerma . 6 7.2.2 Instruments for the measurement of the dose-equivalent quantities defined
17、in ICRU 51 6 8 Calibration and determination of the response as a function of photon energy and angle of radiation incidence. 6 8.1 General. 6 8.2 Selection of calibration method 7 8.3 Calibration by using reference instruments for K a . 7 8.3.1 General. 7 8.3.2 Conventionally true value of the meas
18、urand air kerma 7 8.3.3 Conventionally true value of the measurands dose-equivalent quantities H p (0,07) and H(0,07) . 8 8.3.4 Conventionally true value of the measurands dose-equivalent quantities H p (10) and H*(10) 8 8.3.5 Performing the calibration . 10 8.4 Calibration by using reference instru
19、ments which measure the ICRU dose-equivalent quantities . 10 8.4.1 General. 10 8.4.2 Conventionally true value of the measurands dose-equivalent quantities H p (10) and H*(10) 10 8.4.3 Performing the calibration . 12 8.5 Statement of uncertainty 12 Annex A (normative) Correction for air density 13 A
20、nnex B (informative) Measurement of pulse height spectra 17 Bibliography . 19 BSISO40374:2004IS-7304 O4:(4002E) iv I SO 4002 All irthgs ersedevrForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies ISO (the International Organization
21、 for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
22、the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Intern
23、ational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publicati
24、on as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent right
25、s. ISO 4037-4 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiation protection. ISO 4037 consists of the following parts, under the general title X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as
26、 a function of photon energy: Part 1: Radiation characteristics and production methods Part 2: Dosimetry for radiation protection over the energy ranges from 8 keV to 1,3 MeV and 4 MeV to 9 MeV Part 3: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters and the measurement of their response as a function of
27、 energy and angle of incidence Part 4: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters in low energy X reference radiation fields BSISO40374:2004IS-7304 O4:(4002E) I SO 4002 All irthgs ersedevr vIntroduction This part of ISO 4037 is closely related to the three other parts of ISO 4037. The first, ISO 40
28、37-1, describes the methods of production and characterisation of the photon reference radiations. The second, ISO 4037-2, describes the dosimetry of the reference radiations and the third, ISO 4037-3, describes procedures for calibrating and determining the response of dosemeters and doserate meter
29、s in terms of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) operational quantities 1, 2, 3 for radiation protection purposes. This part of ISO 4037 is the fourth part of the series, and it describes special procedures for low energy X reference radiation fields. In ISO 4037
30、-3, all the dose quantities used are based on the air kerma K afree in air. Either K ais the selected measuring quantity, or one of the dose-equivalent quantities H(0,07), H p (0,07), H p (10) and H*(10) is determined using conversion coefficients from air kerma K ato the appropriate dose-equivalent
31、 quantity. For the dose-equivalent quantities H(0,07) and H p (0,07), this procedure is associated with only a small additional uncertainty, because the conversion coefficients depend only slightly on the photon energy and angle of radiation incidence for the ranges given in ISO 4037-3. Therefore, f
32、or these dose-equivalent quantities, no special attention is given for the low energy X reference radiation fields. For the two other dose-equivalent quantities H p (10), and H*(10), this is different. For them, the use of conversion coefficients can be associated with large additional uncertainties
33、 if low energy X reference radiation fields are considered; see the remark already given in these cases in ISO 4037-3. This is because the conversion coefficients depend strongly on the photon energy and the angle of radiation incidence. For nominally the same radiation quality as defined in ISO 403
34、7-1, the conversion coefficients can differ by several tens of percent. A detailed description of all the measurements and methods necessary to avoid these additional uncertainties is given by Ankerhold et al. 4, 5 and by Behrens 6. NOTE For irradiation of the whole body, H p (10) and H*(10) are rel
35、evant for radiation protection, as long as they are closer to their limit than H(0,07) and H p (0,07). This is the case down to about 15 keV. . BSISO40374:2004blank BSISO40374:2004INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4037-4:2004(E)I SO 4002 All irthgs ersedevr 1X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating
36、dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy Part 4: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters in low energy X reference radiation fields 1 Scope This part of ISO 4037 gives guidelines on additional aspects of the characterization of low energy p
37、hoton radiations. This part of ISO 4037 also describes procedures for calibration and determination of the response of area and personal dose(rate)meters as a function of photon energy and angle of incidence. This part of ISO 4037 concentrates on the accurate determination of conversion coefficients
38、 from air kerma to H p (10) and H*(10) for the spectra of low energy photon radiations. As an alternative to the use of conversion coefficients, the direct calibration in terms of these quantities by means of appropriate reference instruments is described. 2 Normative references The following refere
39、nced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 4037-1:1996, X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dose
40、meters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy Part 1: Radiation characteristics and production methods ISO 4037-2:1997, X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of ph
41、oton energy Part 2: Dosimetry for radiation protection over the energy ranges from 8 keV to 1,3 MeV and 4 MeV to 9 MeV ISO 4037-3:1999, X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy Part 3: Calibration
42、 of area and personal dosemeters and the measurement of their response as a function of energy and angle of incidence BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, 1995 ICRU Report 51:1993, Quantities and Units in Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Int
43、ernational Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA BSISO40374:2004IS-7304 O4:(4002E) 2 I SO 4002 All irthgs ersedevr3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 4037-3 and the following apply. 3.1 low energy X
44、-ray reference radiation all radiation qualities as specified in ISO 4037-1 and ISO 4037-3 with nominal tube potentials up to and including 30 kV NOTE These radiation qualities are all continuous reference filtered radiations and fluorescence radiations. 3.2 spectral fluence distribution of fluence
45、with respect to photon energy E d d E E = 3.3 spectral air kerma distribution of air kerma, K awith respect to photon energy E () a a d d E K E = 3.4 pulse height spectrum dN/dQ distribution of number of pulses N with respect to charge Q generated in the detector 3.5 spectral-fluence response functi
46、on function R(E, Q) describing the relationship between spectral-fluence Eand the pulse height spectrum, dN/dQ max 0 d (,) d d E E N R EQ E Q = 3.6 unfolding determination of the spectral-fluence Efrom the (measured) pulse height spectrum, dN/dQ 3.7 spectral-fluence response matrix matrix where each
47、 column represents the response function R(E, Q) for photons with energy E 4 Symbols (and abbreviated terms) The symbols (and abbreviated terms) used are given in Table 1. BSISO40374:2004IS-7304 O4:(4002E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 3Table 1 Symbols (and abbreviated terms) Symbol Meaning Unit air
48、density kg/m 3 0air density under reference conditions: 0= 1,1974 kg/m 3kg/m 3 irrair density prevailing during irradiation kg/m 3 conair density prevailing during determination of the conventionally true value of the measurand kg/m 3 calair density prevailing during calibration of the instrument kg
49、/m 3 MCair density prevailing during calibration of the monitor chamber kg/m 3 specair density prevailing during the spectral measurements kg/m 3 change of air density kg/m 3 angle of radiation incidence to the normal of the phantom surface (degree) change of angle of radiation incidence (degree) U tube potential V U change in tube potential V T air temperature K T 0air temp
