1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 7503-2:2016Measurement of radioactivity- Measurement and evaluationof surface contaminationPart 2: Test method using wipe-test samplesBS ISO 7503-2:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 7503-2:2016.The UK participa
2、tion in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are r
3、esponsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 81280 4ICS 13.280Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards
4、 Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 7503-2:2016 ISO 2016Measurement of radioactivity - Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 2: Test method using wipe-test samplesMesurage de la radioact
5、ivit Mesurage et valuation de la contamination de surface Partie 2: Mthode dessai utilisant des chantillons dessai de frottisINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO7503-2Second edition2016-01-15Reference numberISO 7503-2:2016(E)BS ISO 7503-2:2016ISO 7503-2:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED
6、 DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior wri
7、tten permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 7503-2:20
8、16ISO 7503-2:2016(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 23.1 Terms and definitions . 23.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 34 Sources of surface contamination 35 Objectives of the surface contamination evaluation . 46 Strateg
9、y. 47 Methods for evaluating surface contamination . 48 Wipe test material . 59 Instrumentation 59.1 General . 59.2 Liquid scintillation counters . 610 Calibration 610.1 Calibration of installed instruments. 610.2 Calibration of portable instruments . 611 Guidelines on wipe test sampling . 611.1 Gen
10、eral . 611.2 Guidelines on sampling removable tritium contamination . 712 Measurement procedure 713 Evaluation of measurement data. 813.1 Calculation of the activity per unit area for measurement results of installed instruments 813.2 Calculation of the activity per unit area for measurement results
11、 of portable instruments 913.3 Application of ISO 11929 . 914 Wipe test uncertainties . 915 Test report . 9Bibliography .11 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 7503-2:2016ISO 7503-2:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of n
12、ational standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Inter
13、national organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those inte
14、nded for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www
15、.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document w
16、ill be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expres
17、sions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy,
18、nuclear technologies, and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7503-2:1988), which has been technically revised.ISO 7503 consists of the following parts, under the general title Measurement of radioactivit
19、y Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination: Part 1: General principles Part 2: Test method using wipe-test samples Part 3: Apparatus calibrationiv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 7503-2:2016ISO 7503-2:2016(E)IntroductionISO 7503 gives guidance on the measurement of surface contaminatio
20、n. This International Standard is applicable to many situations where radioactive contamination can occur. Contamination arises from the release of radioactivity into the local environment. In most circumstances, the release is inadvertent but, on occasion, may be deliberate. Although the purpose an
21、d scope of the investigation may differ, the approaches taken to measure the levels and extent of the contamination are essentially similar.Radioactive contamination can arise from a number of activities or events such as the following: routine laboratory use of radiochemicals; medical treatments; i
22、ndustrial applications; transport accidents; equipment malfunctions; malevolent incidents; nuclear accidents.Without process knowledge or documentation, it is not always possible to identify or distinguish the different radionuclides constituting a surface contamination, and the evaluation of such c
23、ontamination cannot be made on a quantitative basis. Instead of using instruments with nuclide specific calibrations, it may be necessary to use other instruments which are fit for such a purpose.However, there may be cases (e.g. a contaminated fuel material transport container) where the radionucli
24、de or the radionuclide mixture can be clearly characterized. A surface contamination evaluation exceeding a pure qualitative assessment of fixed and removable surface contamination may then be needed. Moreover, following requirements laid down in national regulations and in international conventions
25、, a measured surface contamination activity per unit area has to be compared with surface contamination guideline values or surface contamination limits.Surface contamination guideline values are radionuclide-specific and thus require complex radionuclide-specific calibrations of measurement equipme
26、nt. Calibration quality assurance is crucial in order to avoid non-detection (i.e. type II decision errors) leading to incorrectly assuming compliance with given surface contamination guideline values or limits. Evaluation of surfaces contaminated by a mixture of radionuclides with known ratios requ
27、ires respectively proportionated calibration factors.ISO 7503 is concerned with the measurement and estimation of radioactivity levels. It does not provide advice on decommissioning, planning and surveillance techniques.Surface contamination is specified in terms of activity per unit area and the li
28、mits are based on the recommendations by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP 103).This part of ISO 7503 deals with the evaluation of surface contamination by indirect measurement using a wipe test. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS ISO 7503-2:2016BS ISO 7503-2:2016Measuremen
29、t of radioactivity - Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 2: Test method using wipe-test samples1 ScopeISO 7503 (all parts) and ISO 8769 are addressed to the people responsible for measuring the radioactivity present on solid surfaces.This part of ISO 7503 applies to the evaluati
30、on of contamination on surfaces in terms of activity per unit area by an indirect method of measurement.This part of ISO 7503 is applicable to well-defined surfaces, such as those of equipment and facilities, containers of radioactive materials, sealed sources and buildings or land.This part of ISO
31、7503 can be used for laboratory and equipment/installation control and for remediation and monitoring activities to comply with release criteria.This part of ISO 7503 also refers to institutions/authorities controlling nuclear material transports or material/equipment clearance according to national
32、 legislation guideline values or international convention limits.This part of ISO 7503 does not apply to contamination of the skin, clothing or loose material, such as gravel.NOTE Direct evaluation of surface contamination from alpha-emitters, beta-emitters and photon emitters is dealt with in ISO 7
33、503-1. The calibration of instruments for the evaluation of radioactive surface contaminations is dealt with in ISO 7503-3.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references,
34、only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 8769, Reference sources Calibration of surface contamination monitors Alpha-, beta- and photon emittersISO 9698, Water quality Determination of tritium activit
35、y concentration Liquid scintillation counting methodISO 11929, Determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of the confidence interval) for measurements of ionizing radiation Fundamentals and applicationISO 18589-2, Measurement of radioactivity in the en
36、vironment Soil Part 2: Guidance for the selection of the sampling strategy, sampling and pre-treatment of samplesISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratoriesIEC 60325, Radiation protection instrumentation Alpha, beta and alpha/beta (beta energy 60 ke
37、V) contamination meters and monitorsINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7503-2:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 7503-2:2016ISO 7503-2:2016(E)3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions and those
38、given in ISO 7503-1 apply.3.1.1removable surface contaminationradioactive material that can be removed from surfaces by non-destructive means, including casual contact, wiping, or washingNote 1 to entry: It should be noted that under the influence of moisture, chemicals, etc., or as a result of corr
39、osion or diffusion, fixed contamination may become removable or vice versa without any human action. Furthermore, surface contaminations may decrease due to evaporation and volatilization.Note 2 to entry: It should be emphasized that the ratio between fixed and removable contamination can vary over
40、time, and that some decisions, such as those related to clearance, should be based on total activity with the potential to become removable over time, not just the amount that is removable at the time of a survey.3.1.2wipe testtest to determine if removable contamination is present through wiping th
41、e surface with a dry or wet material, followed by evaluation of the wipe material for removable contaminationNote 1 to entry: The type of wipe test, wet or dry, needs to be assessed by a competent person. In some instances (e.g. tritium contamination) a wet wipe may be preferred. In others, it may b
42、e more practical or advisable to use a dry wipe.3.1.3wiping efficiencyratio of the activity of the radionuclides removed from the surface by one wipe sample to the activity of the radionuclides of the removable surface contamination prior to this samplingNote 1 to entry: The wiping efficiency is def
43、ined by the following relationship:wRT=aawhereaRis the activity of the radionuclides removed by wipe test;aTis the total removable activity of the radionuclides present on the wiped area.Note 2 to entry: In practice, it is almost impossible to measure the total amount of removable activity on the su
44、rface; and in most cases, a value for “wiping efficiency” cannot be assessed but can only be estimated.Note 3 to entry: For important combinations of contaminant and surface material, the wiping efficiency can be determined experimentally using the method of “exhaustive removal by repetitive wipe te
45、sts”. The step-by-step addition of the removed activities results in an approximation of the total removable activity (aT), to which the activity removed by the first wipe test (aR) can then be related to yield the wiping efficiency.Note 4 to entry: The method of “exhaustive removal by repetitive wi
46、pe tests” is only applicable if it can be guaranteed that exactly the same area is wiped on each occasion and exactly the same pressure is maintained uniformly over the area wiped. Moreover, results of this method are only valid for a specific nature and structure of a surface and are not transferab
47、le to other surface structures.3.1.4tritium surface contaminationtotal activity of tritium adsorbed upon and absorbed into the surface2 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 7503-2:2016ISO 7503-2:2016(E)3.1.5removable tritium surface contaminationfraction of surface contamination which is removable or
48、transferable under normal working conditionsNote 1 to entry: It should be noted thata) under external influences of a chemical nature (e.g. moisture, corrosion) or of a physical nature (e.g. ambient pressure or temperature changes, vibration, impact, expansion and contraction), and also as a result
49、of diffusion, the total tritium activity may be transformed into removable contamination or non-removable. The state is reversible multiple times,b) tritium surface contamination may be volatile or contain volatile fractions which may volatilize under normal working conditions - this also contributes to the removable contamination and should be evaluated appropriately (see also Clause 7), andc) as a result of diffusion of tritium into the surface structure, removal of the tritium surface contamination by exhaustive wipes may
