1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 8178-10:2002 Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 10: Test cycles and test procedures for field measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditions ICS 13.040.50; 27.020 BS IS
2、O 8178-10:2002 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 7 May 2003 BSI 7 May 2003 ISBN 0 580 41743 3 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 8178-10:2002 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK par
3、ticipation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MCE/14, RIC engines, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publication
4、s referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
5、 provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpret
6、ation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a blank page, pages 1 to 37 and
7、 a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments Reference number ISO 8178-10:2002(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8178-10 First edition 2002-11-01 Reciprocating internal combustion e
8、ngines Exhaust emission measurement Part 10: Test cycles and test procedures for field measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditions Moteurs alternatifs combustion interne Mesurage des missions de gaz dchappement Partie 10: Cycles e
9、t procdures dessai pour le mesurage sur site des missions de fumes de gaz dchappement des moteurs allumage par compression fonctionnant en rgime transitoire BSISO817810:2002BSISO817810:2002iiIS-8718 O01:(2002E) I SO 2002 All irthgs ersedevr iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction. v 1 Scope 1 2 No
10、rmative references 1 3 Terms and definitions. 2 4 Symbols and units 4 5 Test conditions 5 5.1 Ambient test conditions . 5 5.2 Power 6 5.3 Engine air inlet system . 6 5.4 Engine exhaust system 6 5.5 Engines with charge air cooling 6 6 Test fuels 6 7 Measurement equipment and accuracy 7 7.1 General .
11、7 7.2 Test conditions 7 7.3 Determination of smoke . 8 7.4 Accuracy 9 8 Calibration of the opacimeter 9 8.1 General . 9 8.2 Calibration procedure. 9 9 Test run 10 9.1 Installation of the measuring equipment 10 9.2 Determination of effective optical path length (L A ) 10 9.3 Checking of the opacimete
12、r . 15 9.4 Test cycle . 16 10 Data evaluation and calculation 16 10.1 Data evaluation 16 10.2 Bessel algorithm . 18 10.3 Ambient correction . 19 10.4 Test report 20 11 Determination of smoke . 20 Annex A (normative) Test cycle for variable-speed off-road engines 21 Annex B (normative) Test cycle for
13、 marine propulsion engines. 26 Annex C (normative) Test cycle for variable-speed engines type F (rail traction) 31 Annex D (informative) Remarks on test cycles 35 Bibliography 37 BSISO817810:2002iiiIS-8718 O01:(2002E) vi I SO 2002 All irthgs ersedevrForeword ISO (the International Organization for S
14、tandardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the ri
15、ght to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Internationa
16、l Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as
17、an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 8178 may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rig
18、hts. ISO 8178-10 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 70, Internal combustion engines, Subcommittee SC 8, Exhaust gas emission measurement. ISO 8178 consists of the following parts, under the general title Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement: Part 1: Test-bed
19、 measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions Part 2: Measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions at site Part 3: Definitions and methods of measurement of exhaust gas smoke under steady-state conditions Part 4: Test cycles for different engine applications Part 5: Test fuel
20、s Part 6: Report of measuring results and test Part 7: Engine family determination Part 8: Engine group determination Part 9: Test cycles and test procedures for test bed measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditions Part 10: Test c
21、ycles and test procedures for field measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditions Annexes A, B and C form a normative part of this part of ISO 8178. Annex D is for information only. BSISO817810:2002ivIS-8718 O01:(2002E) I SO 2002 Al
22、l irthgs ersedevr vIntroduction Throughout the world there currently exist many smoke measurement procedures in various forms. Some of these smoke measurement procedures are designed for test bed testing and may be used for certification or type- approval purposes. Others are designed for field test
23、ing and may be used in inspection and maintenance programmes. Different smoke measurement procedures exist to meet the needs of various regulatory agencies and industries. The two methods typically used are the filter smokemeter method and the opacimeter. The objective of this part of ISO 8178 is to
24、 combine the key features of several existing smoke measurement procedures as much as is technically possible. This part of ISO 8178 is intended for the measurement of the emissions of smoke from compression ignition internal combustion engines under field conditions. It applies to engines operating
25、 under transient conditions where the engine speed or load, or both, changes with time. It should be noted that the smoke emissions from typical well-maintained naturally-aspirated engines under transient conditions will generally be the same as the smoke emissions under steady state conditions. Onl
26、y opacimeter type smokemeters may be used for making the smoke measurements described in this part of ISO 8178. This part of ISO 8178 allows the use of either full-flow or partial-flow opacimeters. This part of ISO 8178 accounts for differences in response time between the two types of opacimeters,
27、but does not account for any differences due to differences in temperatures at the sampling zone. BSISO817810:2002vINTENRATIONAL TSANDADR IS-8718 O01:(2002E)I SO 2002 All irthgs ersedevr 1Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 10: Test cycles and test procedures
28、for field measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditions 1 Scope This part of ISO 8178 specifies the measurement procedures and test cycles for the evaluation of smoke emissions from compression ignition engines under field condition
29、s. This part of ISO 8178 is intended for use primarily as a support for in-use smoke testing programmes on engines that have been “certified” or “type approved” in accordance with the provisions of ISO 8178-9. ISO 8178-9 provides test procedures and test cycles for measurement of smoke from differen
30、t applications of engines operating on the test bed. Likewise, ISO 8178-4 specifies a number of different test cycles to be used in order to characterize gaseous and particulate emissions from nonroad engines. The test cycles in ISO 8178-4 were developed in recognition of the differing operating cha
31、racteristics of various categories of nonroad machines. For transient smoke test cycles, smoke testing is conducted using smokemeters that operate on the light extinction principle. The purpose of this part of ISO 8178 is to define the smoke test cycles and the methods used to measure and analyse sm
32、oke. Specifications for measurement of smoke using the light extinction principle can be found in ISO 11614. The test procedures and measurement techniques described in clauses 5 to 11 of this part of ISO 8178 are applicable to reciprocating internal combustion (RIC) engines in general. However, an
33、engine application can only be evaluated using this part of ISO 8178 once the appropriate test cycle has been developed. Annexes A to C to this part of ISO 8178 each contains a test cycle that is relevant only for those specific applications listed in the scope of that annex. Where possible, the smo
34、ke test cycle described in the annex utilizes the engine and machine categories developed in ISO 8178-4. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO 8178. For dated references, subsequent
35、 amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 8178 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edi
36、tion of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 8178-4:1996, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 4: Test cycles for different engine applications ISO 8178-5, Reciproc
37、ating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 5: Test fuels ISO 8178-6, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 6: Report of measuring results and test BSISO817810:20021IS-8718 O01:(2002E) 2 I SO 2002 All irthgs ersedevrISO 8178-7, Reciprocat
38、ing internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 7: Engine family determination ISO 8178-8, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 8: Engine group determination ISO 8178-9:2000, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measureme
39、nt Part 9: Test cycles and test procedures for test bed measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditions ISO 11614:1999, Reciprocating internal combustion compression-ignition engines Apparatus for measurement of the opacity and for de
40、termination of the light absorption coefficient of exhaust gas 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this part of ISO 8178 the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 exhaust gas smoke visible suspension of solid and/or liquid particles in gases resulting from combustion or pyrolysis NOTE B
41、lack smoke (soot) is mainly comprised of carbon particles. Blue smoke is usually due to droplets resulting from the incomplete combustion of fuel or lubricating oil. White smoke is usually due to condensed water and/or liquid fuel. Yellow smoke is caused by NO 2 . 3.2 transmittance fraction of light
42、, transmitted from a source through a smoke-obscured path, which reaches the observer or the instrument receiver NOTE It is expressed as a percentage. 3.3 opacity N fraction of light, transmitted from a source through a smoke-obscured path, which is prevented from reaching the observer or the instru
43、ment receiver (N = 100 ). NOTE It is expressed as a percentage. 3.4 Optical path length 3.4.1 effective optical path length L Alength of the smoke-obscured optical path between the opacimeter light source and the receiver, corrected as necessary for non-uniformity due to density gradients and fringe
44、 effect NOTE 1 It is expressed in metres. 9.2 describes how to determine L Aand how to install measuring equipment, on exhaust systems that may be encountered in the field. NOTE 2 Portions of the total light source to receiver path length which are not smoke obscured do not contribute to the effecti
45、ve optical path length. BSISO817810:20022IS-8718 O01:(2002E) I SO 2002 All irthgs ersedevr 33.4.2 standard effective optical path length L ASmeasurement used to ensure meaningful comparisons of quoted opacity values NOTE See 10.1.4. 3.5 light absorption coefficient k fundamental means of quantifying
46、 the ability of a smoke plume or smoke-containing gas sample to obscure light NOTE By convention, the light absorption coefficient is expressed in reciprocal metres (m 1 ). The light absorption coefficient is a function of the number of smoke particles per unit gas volume, the size distribution of t
47、he smoke particles, and the light absorption and scattering properties of the particles. In the absence of blue, white or yellow smoke or ash, the size distribution and the light absorption/scattering properties are similar for all diesel exhaust gas samples and the light absorption coefficient is p
48、rimarily a function of the smoke particle density. 3.6 Beer-Lambert law mathematical equation describing the physical relationships between the light absorption coefficient, k, the smoke parameters of transmittance, , and effective optical path length, L ANOTE Because the light absorption coefficien
49、t, k, cannot be measured directly, the Beer-Lambert law is used to calculate k, when opacity, N, or transmittance, , and effective optical path length, L A , are known: A 1 ln 100 k L = (1) A 1 ln 1 100 N k L = (2) 3.7 opacimeter instrument for the measurement of smoke characteristics using the optical method of transmittance 3.7.1 full-flow opacimeter instrument in whi
