1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationPD 6694-1:2011PUBLISHED DOCUMENTRecommendatnullonnull nullonulltnulle denullnullnulln onull nulltnullnullctnullnullenullnullnullnullnullect to tnullanullnullc nulloadnullnnull to
2、 BS EN 199null-1:2004This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.PD 6694-1:2011 PUBnullnullSnullnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullTPnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnnull and conullnullnullnullnullnullt nullnnullonullmatnullonThe BSnull copnullright notice displanulled in this docunullent indi
3、cates nullhen the docunullent nullas last issued.null BSnull 2011nullSBnull 9nullnull 0 nullnull0 nullnull910 2nullnullS 9null.020The nullollonulling BSnull renullerences relate to the nullornull on this standard: nullonullnullittee renullerence Bnullnull26 Dranullt nullor conullnullent 0nullnullnul
4、l01null9211 DnullPnullnullnullnullcatnullon nullnullnulltonullnullnullirst published nullanull 2011nullmendmentnull nullnullnullnulled nullnullnce nullnullnullnullnullcatnullonDate Tenullt anullnullected null BSnull 2011 null iPD 6694-1:2011PUBnullnullSnullnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullTContentnullnul
5、lorenullord iii0 nullntroduction 11 Scope 12 nullornullatinulle renullerences 1null Ternullsnull denullnitionsnull snullnullbols and abbrenulliations 24 Basis onull design 4null Spread nulloundations 86 Piled nulloundations 10null nullranullitnull retaining structures and bridge abutnullents 11null
6、nullnullbedded nullalls 229 nullntegral bridges 2210 Buried concrete structures 37nullnnenullenullnullnnenull null nullinnullornullatinullenull nullethod nullor designing integral abutnullents using a soilnullstructure interaction analnullsis 46nullnnenull B nullinnullornullatinullenull nullases to
7、be considered nullor buried concrete structures design 52Bibliographnull 62Lnullnullt onull nullnullnullnullenullnulligure 1 null nullarth pressure on retaining structures 14nulligure 2 null nullorinullontal surcharge nullodel 18nulligure null null nullateral and nullertical dispersion onull nullnit
8、e line loads nullor calculating horinullontal surcharge pressure 20nulligure 4 null Tnullpes onull abutnullent nullor integral bridge construction 25nulligure null null nullarth pressure distributions nullor abutnullents nullhich acconullnullodate thernullal enullpansion bnull rotation andnullor nul
9、lenullure 29nulligure 6 null Pressure coenullnullcient ennullelope 32nulligure null null Tnullisting onull snullenulled structure 35nulligure null null nullnulluilibriunull onull horinullontal earth nulledge behind snullenullabutnullent 36nulligure 9 null Snullnullbols nullor tnullpical buried bonul
10、l structure 38nulligure 10 null Transnullerse load dispersion 40nulligure 11 null Transnullerse loadnullnulletre nullhere tnullo dispersion nullones onullerlap 41nulligure null.1 null nullariation in soil shear nullodulus nullactornull Rnullnullnullnull nullith dnulldnullHnullassunulling densinullca
11、tion to 90null 48nulligure null.2 null nullalues onull nullnull and dnulldand illustration onull earth pressures 49Lnullnullt onull tanullnullenullTable 1 null nullatin letters 3Table 2 null nullreenull letters 4Table null null nullbbrenulliations 4Table 4 null nullcnullnullor nullne soils 7Table nu
12、ll null nullcnullnullor coarse soils 8Table 6 null nullalues onull Kanullor a nullertical nullace nullhen null 12Table null null nullorinullontal surcharge nullodel nullor highnullanull tranullnullc loading 19Table null null nullanullinullunull nullunnullanullourablenull nullalues onull Kpnullt 27Ta
13、ble B.1 null nullanullinullunull nullertical load nullith nullanullinullunull horinullontal load 54Table B.2 null nullininullunull nullertical load nullith nullanullinullunull horinullontal load 55Table B.null null nullanullinullunull nullertical load nullith nullininullunull horinullontal load 56ii
14、 null null BSnull 2011PD 6694-1:2011 PUBnullnullSnullnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullTTable B.4 null Branulling and acceleration nullith nullanullinullunull nullertical load and actinulle pressure 57Table B.null null Branulling and acceleration nullith nullininullunull nullertical load and actinulle pre
15、ssures 58Table B.6 null Sliding 60Snullmmanullnull onull nullanullenullThis docunullent conullprises a nullront conullernull an inside nullront conullernull pages i to inullnull pages 1 to 64null an inside bacnull conuller and a bacnull conuller.null BSnull 2011 null iiiPD 6694-1:2011PUBnullnullSnul
16、lnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullTnullonullenullonulldPnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnnull nullnnullonullmatnullonThis Published Docunullent nullas published bnull BSnull and canulle into enullnullect on null1 nullanull 2011. nullt nullas prepared under the authoritnull onull Bnullnull26nullGeotechnics. n
17、ull list onull organinullations represented on this conullnullittee can be obtained on renulluest to its secretarnull.Renullatnullonnullnullnullnull nullnulltnull otnullenull nullnullnullnullnullcatnullonnullThis Published Docunullent ginulles non-contradictornull conullplenullentarnullinnullornulla
18、tion nullor the design onull structures subnullect to tranullnullc loading nullor use in the Unull nullith BS nullnull 199null-1 nullor geotechnical design and its Unull nullational nullnnenull. Bacnullground is pronullided to sonulle onull the nullational nullnnenull pronullisions nullhere these di
19、nullnuller nullronull the nullalues reconullnullended in BS nullnull 199null-1.Pnullenullentatnullonanull connullentnullonnullThe pronullisions in this Published Docunullent are presented in ronullan nulli.e. uprightnull tnullpe. nullts reconullnullendations are enullpressed in sentences in nullhich
20、 the principal aunulliliarnull nullerb is nullshouldnull.Commentary, expnullanation and nulleneranull innullormatinulle materianull is presented in smanullnuller itanullic type, and does not constitnullte a normatinulle enullementnullThe nullord nullshouldnull is used to enullpress reconullnullendat
21、ions onull this Published Docunullent. The nullord nullnullanullnull is used in the tenullt to enullpress pernullissibilitnullnull e.g. as an alternatinulle to the prinullarnull reconullnullendation onull the clause. The nullord nullcannull is used to enullpress possibilitnullnull e.g. a consenullue
22、nce onull an action or an enullent.nullotes and conullnullentaries are pronullided throughout the tenullt onull this published docunullent. nullotes ginulle renullerences and additional innullornullation that are inullportant but do not nullornull part onull the reconullnullendations. nullonullnulle
23、ntaries ginulle bacnullground innullornullation.nulls a Unull Published Docunullentnull these presentational connullentions are in accordance nullith BS 0 and national British Standard dranullting rules. Therenullorenull the connullentions nullight dinullnuller nullronull the nullurocode that this P
24、ublished Docunullent supports.Contnullactnullanull and nullenullanull connullnulldenullatnullonnullThis publication does not purport to include all the necessarnull pronullisions onull a contract. Users are responsible nullor its correct application.Comnullnullnullance nullnulltnull a Pnullnullnulln
25、ullnullnulled Docnullment cannot connullenull nullmmnullnnulltnull nullnullom nullenullanull onullnullnullnullatnullonnullnullinull null null BSnull 2011PD 6694-1:2011 PUBnullnullSnullnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullTnullhis panulle denullinulleratenully nullenullt nullnullannullnull BSnull 2011 null 1P
26、D 6694-1:2011PUBnullnullSnullnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullT0 IntnullodnullctnullonBS nullnull 199null-1 sets out principles and renulluirenullents nullor the geotechnical design onull structuresnull but in nullannull cases it does not identinullnull specinullc renulluirenullents nullor particular str
27、ucture tnullpes. This docunullent pronullides non-contradictornull conullplenullentarnull innullornullation relating to the design onull structures subnullect to tranullnullc loading to acconullpannull BS nullnull 199null-1.1 SconulleThis docunullent conullers sonulle geotechnical aspects onull brid
28、ges and other structures subnullect to tranullnullc loading designed to BS nullnull 199null-1 and other relenullant nullurocodes. The docunullent includes innullornullation relating to the design onull:null spread nulloundationsnullnull piled nulloundationsnullnull granullitnull retaining nullallsnu
29、llnull enullbedded retaining nullallsnullnull integral bridgesnull andnull buried concrete structures.nullt does not conuller the design onull reinnullorced soils.2 Nonullmatnullnulle nullenullenullencenullThe nullollonulling renullerenced docunullents are indispensable nullor the application onull
30、this docunullent. nullor dated renullerencesnull onlnull the edition cited applies. nullor undated renullerencesnull the latest edition onull the renullerenced docunullent nullincluding annull anullendnullentsnull applies.BS nullnull 1990:2002nullnull1:200nullnull nullnullrocode null nullasis onull
31、strnullctnullranull desinullnBS nullnull 1991null nullnullrocode 1 null nullctions on strnullctnullresBS nullnull 1991-1-nullnull nullnullrocode 1 null nullctions on strnullctnullres null nullart 1null5null Generanullactions null nullhermanull actions BS nullnull 1991-2:200nullnull nullnullrocode 1
32、null nullctions on strnullctnullres null nullart 2null nullranullnullc nulloads on nullridnulles BS nullnull 1992-2null nullnullrocode 2 null nullesinulln onull concrete strnullctnullres null nullart 2nullConcrete nullridnulles null nullesinulln and detainullinnull rnullnullesBS nullnull 199null-1:2
33、004null nullnullrocode 7 null Geotechnicanull desinulln null nullart 1nullGeneranull rnullnulles nullnull to BS nullnull 1990:2002nullnull1:200nullnull nullK nullationanull nullnnex nullor nullnullrocode nullnullasis onull strnullctnullranull desinullnnullnull to BS nullnull 1991-1-nullnull nullK nu
34、llationanull nullnnex to nullnullrocode 1 null nullctions on strnullctnullres null nullart 1null5null Generanull actions null nullhermanull actionsnullnull to BS nullnull 1991-2:200nullnull nullK nullationanull nullnnex to nullnullrocode 1 null nullctions on strnullctnullres null nullart 2null nullr
35、anullnullc nulloads on nullridnullesnullnull to BS nullnull 199null-1null nullK nullationanull nullnnex to nullnullrocode 7 null Geotechnicanulldesinulln null nullart 1null Generanull rnullnulles2 null null BSnull 2011PD 6694-1:2011 PUBnullnullSnullnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullTnull Tenullmnullnull d
36、enullnnulltnullonnullnull nullnullmnullonullnull and anullnullnullenullnullatnullonnullnullnull1 Tenullmnull and denullnnulltnullonnullnullor the purposes onull this Published Docunullentnull the ternulls and denullnitions ginullen in BS nullnull 1990null BS nullnull 199null-1 and the nullollonullin
37、g applnull.nullnull1null1 dnullctnullnulle nulltnullnullctnullnullestructure nullith sunullnullcient denullornullation capacitnull nullor it to be able to sustain the nullull plastic collapse loadnull so that lonuller-bound and upper-bound theorenulls onull linullit analnullsis are applicable nullnu
38、ll1null2 eanulltnull conullenulldepth onull nullll nulleasured betnulleen ground lenullel and the top onull the roonullonull a buried structure nullnull1nullnull enullcanullatnullon nullenullenullground lenullel in nullront onull an abutnullent or enullbedded nullall tanulling account onull annull a
39、nticipated enullcanullationnull and including annull unplanned enullcanullation nullhere appropriatenullnullnullnull nullee nullnull nullnull 1997null1null2004, 9.3.2.2nullnullnull1null4 nullnullonullnd nullenullenulllenullel onull the surnullace onull the ground supported bnull the structurenull in
40、cluding the carriagenullanull or tenullporarnull surnullace carrnulling tranullnullc nullhere presentnullnull1nullnull nullanulld matenullnullanullnullaterial nullhich renulluires the use onull blastingnull breanullers or splitters nullor its renullonullal nullnull1null6 Knull nullnullenullnullnulln
41、ulleenhanced earth pressure caused bnull strain ratchetingnull nullith an earth pressure coenullnullcient onull Knullnullnullnullnull nullee 3.1.13 nullor the denullnition onull strain ratchetinnullnull nullee nullanullnulle 1 nullor the denullnition onull Knullnullnullnull1nullnull Kmanullnullnulle
42、nullnullnullnullenullanullinullunull pressure applied behind the abutnullent onull a buried structure nullnull1nullnull nullnullmnullt enullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullm ananullnullnullnullnull nullnullonull nullntenullnullanull nullnullnulldnulle denullnullnullnnullanalnullsis nullethod nullor
43、integral bridges in nullhich the response onull the ground is nullodelled using specinulled nullalues onull nullobilinulled earth pressure coenullnullcients that are independent onull the ground stinullnullness nullnull1null9 nullonnullnulltnulldnullnanull nullnullnulltnull nullenullenullence to a n
44、ullnullnullnulled nulltnullnullctnullnullenullperpendicular to the end nullalls nullor parallel to the tranullnullc directionnullnullnull1null10 Onullenullnulleenullnnull Onullnullannullnullatnullon client or other relenullant technical authoritnullnullnull1null11 nullnullanullnull-nullanullnullnull
45、nulle nullnullmnulltlinulliting passinulle resistance onull the soil at a ginullen anullerage rotational strain in the soil used in soilnullstructure interaction analnullsisnullnullnullnull nullee nullnnex nullnullnull BSnull 2011 null nullPD 6694-1:2011PUBnullnullSnullnullD DnullnullUnullnullnullTn
46、ullnull1null12 nullonullnullnullnulltnullnullctnullnulle nullntenullactnullon nullnullonull nullntenullnullanull nullnullnulldnulle denullnullnullnnullanalnullsis nullethod nullor integral bridges in nullhich the response onull the ground depends upon the nullonullenullent onull the structure and th
47、e relatinulle stinullnullness onull the structure and the groundnullnull1null1null nulltnullanulln nullatcnulletnullnnullrepeated bacnullnullard and nullornullard nullonullenullent onull an abutnullent caused bnull enullpansion and contraction onull the decnull onull an integral bridge or the applic
48、ation onull linulle load surcharge behind a bridge abutnullent nullhichnullnullith tinullenull causes a change in the properties onull granular bacnullnullll nullnull1null14 tnullanullnullc nullnullnullcnullanullnulletranullnullc applied behind bridge abutnullents and retaining nullalls nullhich gen
49、erates horinullontal pressure on the nullalls nullnull1null1null tnullannullnullenullnulle nullnullnulltnull nullenullenullence to a nullnullnullnulled nulltnullnullctnullnullenullparallel to the abutnullents nullnull2 Snullmnullonullnullnullnull2null1 Latnulln nullettenullnullnullor the purposes onull this Published Docunullentnull the snullnullbols ginullen in BS nullnull 1990null BS nullnull 199null-1 and the nullollonulling applnull. nullther snullnullbols are denullned in the clause in nullhich thenull occur. Snullnullbols nullor tnullpical buried bonull structures are shonulln in
