1、PD CEN/TR15809:2008ICS 13.030.20NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWPUBLISHED DOCUMENTCharacterization ofsludges Hygienicaspects TreatmentsLicensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 08/07/2009 08:17, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIThis Published Documentwas p
2、ublished under theauthority of the StandardsPolicy and StrategyCommittee on 31 March2009 BSI 2009ISBN 978 0 580 62040 9Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsPD CEN/TR 15809:2008National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR15809:2008.The UK participa
3、tion in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/5, Sludge characterization.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for
4、 its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 08/07/2009 08:17, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPD CEN/TR 15809:2008TECHNICAL REPORTRAPPORT TECHNIQUETECHNISCHER BERICHTCEN/TR 15809November 200
5、8ICS 13.030.20English VersionCharacterization of sludges - Hygienic aspects - TreatmentsCaractrisation des boues - Aspects hyginiques -TraitementsCharakterisierung von Schlmmen - Hygienische Aspekte -SchlammbehandlungThis Technical Report was approved by CEN on 25 August 2008. It has been drawn up b
6、y the Technical Committee CEN/TC 308.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,R
7、omania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved
8、worldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. CEN/TR 15809:2008: ELicensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 08/07/2009 08:17, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPD CEN/TR 15809:2008CEN/TR 15809:2008 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and defini
9、tions .5 4 Hygienic considerations .6 4.1 General6 4.2 From concept to good practice 6 4.3 Aspects of microbiology, virology and parasitology.7 4.4 Aspects of epidemiology 7 4.5 Definition of the hygienic objective of treatment .8 5 General methodologies and tools to define the hygienic effect of tr
10、eatment, and to manage the hygienic safety9 5.1 General9 5.2 Health risk assessment.10 5.2.1 Hazard identification .10 5.2.2 Dose-response assessment .10 5.2.3 Exposure assessment.10 5.2.4 Risk characterisation 10 5.3 Quality Assurance and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) for use i
11、n sludge .11 6 Treatments available: efficiency and drawbacks .14 6.1 General14 6.2 Biological treatment 16 6.2.1 Anaerobic digestion 16 6.2.2 Composting16 6.2.3 Thermophilic aerobic digestion (TAD) or Aerobic thermophilic stabilisation (ATS)17 6.2.4 Long term storage .17 6.2.5 Reedbeds17 6.3 Chemic
12、al treatment18 6.3.1 Treatment with lime .18 6.3.2 Other chemical methods.18 6.4 Physical treatment.19 6.4.1 Pasteurisation of sludge .19 6.4.2 Thermal drying.19 6.4.3 Thermal hydrolysis19 6.5 Combined treatment and other methods 19 Annex A (informative) Micro organisms which could be found in sewag
13、e sludge 21 Bibliography 24 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 08/07/2009 08:17, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPD CEN/TR 15809:2008CEN/TR 15809:2008 (E) 3Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15809:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 308 “Characterization of sludges”, the
14、secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. The status of this document as CEN/TR has been chosen because much of its content is not completely in line with the practice and regulations in each member state. This document gives general principles about hygienic aspects. Other guides on good practice for
15、the use of sludge (Guides 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) contain the specific recommendations based on the hygienic aspects described in this guide. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 08/07/2009 08:17, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPD CEN/TR 15809:2008CEN/TR 15809:2008 (E) 4 Introduction This Tec
16、hnical Report has been prepared within the framework of CEN/TC 308 on characterization of sludges. This document concentrates on hygienic aspects for good practice concerning treatment of sludge, but acknowledges that existing national regulations remain in force. The use of sewage sludge on land is
17、 controlled within the EU by the sludge directive (86/278/EEC 1) “on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture”. Regarding the purpose of the directive, it states: whereas the aim of this Directive is to regulate the use of sewage slu
18、dge in agriculture in such a way as to prevent harmful effects on soil, vegetation, animals and man, while encouraging its correct use; Regarding hygiene, it requires: whereas sludge must be treated before being used in agriculture; whereas Member States may nevertheless authorize, on certain condit
19、ions, the use of untreated sludge, without risk to human or animal health, if it is injected or worked into the soil; whereas a certain period must elapse between using the sludge and putting stock out to pasture or harvesting fodder crops or certain crops which are normally in direct contact with t
20、he soil and normally consumed raw; whereas the use of sludge on fruit and vegetable crops during the growing season, except for fruit-tree crops, must be prohibited. 86/278/EEC defines treated sludge as: sludge which has undergone biological, chemical or heat treatment, long-term storage or any othe
21、r appropriate process so as significantly to reduce its fermentability and the health hazards resulting from its use; EU Member States have enacted the directive into their national legislations with conditions that are no less stringent than the directive. In many cases they have more detailed trea
22、tment requirements than those written in the directive. The European Commission has said repeatedly that 86/278/EEC, which was the first soil protection directive, has been a success because there have been no cases of adverse effect where it has been followed. Sludge treatments and practices that c
23、ontrol health risks can also affect odour; in the publics mind they are linked. When making choices in sludge management the hygienic aspects should be considered alongside the environmental impacts of the treatment such as energy use or emissions and the benefits of the final product. Licensed Copy
24、: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 08/07/2009 08:17, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPD CEN/TR 15809:2008CEN/TR 15809:2008 (E) 51 Scope This CEN Technical Report gives information about principles to be followed in different sludge treatment processes to reach specified hygienic requirements. 2 Nor
25、mative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1085:2007, Wastewater treatm
26、ent Vocabulary EN 12832:1999, Characterisation of sludges Utilization and disposal of sludges Vocabulary CEN/TR 15473, Characterization of sludges Good practice for sludges drying EN ISO 22000, Food safety management systems Requirements for any organization in the food chain (ISO 22000:2005) 3 Term
27、s and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 12832:1999, EN 1085:2007 and the following apply. 3.1 Critical Control Point (CCP) step in a process at which control can be applied and is essential to prevent or eliminate a hazard or reduce it to an accepta
28、ble level 3.2 HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control point) system that identifies, evaluates, and controls hazards which are significant for safety 3.3 HACCP plan document prepared in accordance with the principles of HACCP to ensure control of hazards which are significant for safety in the s
29、egment of the chain under consideration 3.4 hazard potential source of harm 3.5 hazard analysis process of collecting and evaluating information on hazards and conditions leading to their presence to decide which are significant for safety and therefore should be addressed in the HACCP plan 3.6 hygi
30、enic safety intended degree of safety Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 08/07/2009 08:17, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPD CEN/TR 15809:2008CEN/TR 15809:2008 (E) 6 3.7 hygienisation process that leads to reduced levels of pathogens in order to prevent infections, and their spreading
31、 in the exposed human, animal or plant population 3.8 monitor act of conducting a planned sequence of observations or measurements of control parameters to assess whether a CCP is under control 3.9 risk combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm 3.10 safety fr
32、eedom from unacceptable risk 3.11 validation obtaining evidence that the elements of the HACCP plan are effective 3.12 verification application of methods, procedures, tests and other evaluations, in addition to monitoring to determine compliance with the HACCP plan 4 Hygienic considerations 4.1 Gen
33、eral Untreated sludge from wastewater treatment may contain different types and species of pathogens for humans, animals and plants. The occurrence of such pathogens depends on the type and origin of the raw materials and on the health situation with respect to the presence of diseases in the involv
34、ed populations. This does not only apply to sewage sludge, but also to wastewater, biogas residues, animal manure and other organic fertilisers and compost of human, animal and plant origin. Environment per se is not sterile. Soil is more than a mineral support on which plants grow, it is an ecosyst
35、em with its own indigenous flora and fauna. Among this microflora are several potential pathogenic as well as toxigenic bacteria and fungi that can be found in varying concentrations such as Listeria monocytogenes or Clostridium tetani. There are also competitors and predators of the pathogens with
36、which this guide is concerned. Hygienic considerations include aspects of microbiology, virology, parasitology and epidemiology. 4.2 From concept to good practice In the framework of HACCP concept, the intended field of application of sludge has to be defined, followed by the determination of the ex
37、istence and the types of pathogens in sludges, as well as the identification of the possible ways of transmission to humans, animals or plants. If the interpretation of this analysis (based on the level of risk for health in regard of the uses of sludges) demonstrates the need for treatment, the pro
38、cess should be capable of reducing the hazard to an acceptable level of risk by inactivating the selected pathogens to a defined extent. The treatment process should be validated by a representative indicator organism covering the types of pathogen identified. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE C
39、HINA STANDARDS, 08/07/2009 08:17, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPD CEN/TR 15809:2008CEN/TR 15809:2008 (E) 74.3 Aspects of microbiology, virology and parasitology Besides the indigenous microbiological flora and populations of viruses including protozooic and metazooic organisms, untreated sewage sludge
40、may contain a variety of pathogens for humans, animals and plants as well as other undesired organisms which may present an environmental hazard. The species and numbers of indigenous flora as well as the pathogens and undesired elements depend on the origin and treatment of the wastewater. Basic da
41、ta concerning the occurrence of bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens as well as parasites have been given in the past by several authors 2, 3, 4. From this variety of bacterial pathogens Salmonella spp. are the most relevant since they can infect or contaminate nearly all living vectors from insect
42、s to mammals. Amongst the viral pathogens, noroviruses, enteroviruses and rotaviruses are the most relevant ones from the point of view of environmental risks. Special regard must be paid to the parasitic pathogens, not only to eggs of round- and tapeworms but to Giardia lamblia and especially Crypt
43、osporidium parvum. Nearly all gut related pathogens of farm animals could be found in slaughterhouse effluents. Wastewater from households or industry containing plant material may contain plant-pathogenic viruses, fungi, bacteria, parasites and undesired weeds. This may cause an additional phytohyg
44、ienic risk if untreated material is used in agriculture as a fertiliser 5. However, in most cases, the concentration of the relevant pathogens in the sludge is moderate or small. Consequently, risk related treatment, storage and utilisation basically determines the hygienic safety of the final produ
45、ct. The health of the population (humans, animals, plants) has to be taken into account both in the risk assessment and in establishing a HACCP-concept. 4.4 Aspects of epidemiology The epidemiological aspects of sewage sludge mean that hygienic safety must be considered during all steps of treatment
46、, transport, storage and utilisation. The right balance between the advantages of organic fertilisers based on sewage sludge and the requirements to achieve the degree of hygienic safety necessary for the intended application has to be made. Different European experiences with strategies for proper
47、use of sludge show that epidemiological risks can be minimized. Three aspects of hygiene have to be considered related to different epidemiological pathways: one aspect concerns the occupational health aspects in transport, storage, treatment and utilisation. NOTE 1 The occupational health aspects a
48、re covered by Directive 2000/54/EC 6 and related national legislation, and are not covered in this context. the second aspect concerns two vectors: transmission of pathogens directly to susceptible hosts or indirectly via living and non living vectors (e.g. food, animal feed, or contaminated equipme
49、nt). NOTE 2 The direct or indirect transmission of zoonotic agents to farm animals is generally regarded as the most relevant risk factor of agricultural utilisation of untreated or insufficiently treated sludge. This direct relationship between fertilizing with sewage sludge and infection in cattle fed with forage after sludge spreading was first demonstrated for Salmonella 7. The transmission of parasites was observed much earlier. Transmission to humans via products based on sludge or containing insufficiently treated sludge by applying t
