1、BSI Standards PublicationFibre optic communication system design guidesPart 4: Accommodation and utilization of non-linear effectsPD IEC/TR 61282-4:2013Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permi
2、tted without license from IHS-,-,-National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of IEC/TR 61282-4:2013. It supersedes PD IEC/TR 61282-4:2003 which is with-drawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by TechnicalCommittee GEL/86, Fibre optics, to Subcommittee GEL/8
3、6/3, Fibre optic systems and active devices.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standard
4、s Institution 2014.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 82511 8ICS 33.180.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2014.Ame
5、ndments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD IEC/TR 61282-4:2013Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-IEC/TR 61282-4 Ed
6、ition 2.0 2013-11 TECHNICAL REPORT Fibre optic communication system design guides Part 4: Accommodation and utilization of non-linear effects INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION S ICS 33.180.01 PRICE CODE ISBN 978-2-8322-1174-8 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commiss
7、ion Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. PD IEC/TR 61282-4:2013Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- 2 TR
8、61282-4 IEC:2013(E) CONTENTS FOREWORD . 3 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references . 5 3 Abbreviations and symbols . 5 3.1 Abbreviations . 5 3.2 Symbols . 6 4 General . 7 4.1 System trends leading to non-linear effects. 7 4.2 Optical amplifiers and non-linearities 7 4.3 Background and notation 8 4.3.1 Wavel
9、ength and frequency 8 4.3.2 Various velocities 8 4.3.3 Chromatic dispersion 10 4.3.4 Fibre types 10 4.4 General optical non-linearities 10 5 Optical non-linearities based on scattering . 11 5.1 General description of scattering 11 5.2 Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) 12 5.2.1 Phenomenon. 12 5.2
10、.2 Effects 13 5.2.3 Mitigation 14 5.3 Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) 14 5.3.1 Phenomenon. 14 5.3.2 Effects 15 5.3.3 Mitigation 15 6 Optical non-linearities based on index effects . 16 6.1 General description of induced non-linear phase . 16 6.2 Self-phase modulation (SPM) . 16 6.3 Cross-phase mod
11、ulation (XPM or CPM) 17 6.4 Modulation instability (MI) . 18 6.5 Four-wave mixing (FWM) . 19 6.5.1 Effect 19 6.5.2 Transmission impairments 19 6.5.3 Mitigation 20 6.6 Compensation for non-linear impairments with digital signal processing 20 7 Summary . 20 Bibliography 22 Figure 1 Power effects of st
12、imulated Brillouin scattering for a narrow-band source 14 Figure 2 Schematic of a fibre Raman laser . 16 Figure 3 SPM Non-linear phase shift and frequency change during pulse modulation . 17 Figure 4 MI Spectral side-lobes 100 ps wide, 7 W peak pulse in 1 km fibre 18 Figure 5 FWM Input and output ph
13、oton frequencies . 19 Table 1 Correspondence of wavelength and frequency . 9 PD IEC/TR 61282-4:2013Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TR 61282-4 IEC:2013
14、(E) 3 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDES Part 4: Accommodation and utilization of non-linear effects FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electro
15、technical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specificat
16、ions, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International
17、, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal deci
18、sions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for inter
19、national use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In or
20、der to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be cl
21、early indicated in the latter. 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any services carried out by independent certification
22、 bodies. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, pro
23、perty damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in
24、 this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying an
25、y or all such patent rights. The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. However, a technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Stan
26、dard, for example “state of the art“. IEC/TR 61282-4, which is a technical report, has been prepared by subcommittee 86C: Fibre optic systems and active devices, of IEC technical committee 86: Fibre optics. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 2003, and constitute
27、s a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical change with respect to the previous edition: clarifications on the compensation for nonlinear impairments with digital signal processing. PD IEC/TR 61282-4:2013Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS un
28、der license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- 4 TR 61282-4 IEC:2013(E) The text of this technical report is based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Report on voting 86C/1166/DTR 86C/1189/RVC Full information on th
29、e voting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. A list of all parts in the IEC 61282 series, published under the general title Fibre optic commun
30、ication system design guides, can be found on the IEC website. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the
31、 publication will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or amended. PD IEC/TR 61282-4:2013Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TR 61282
32、-4 IEC:2013(E) 5 FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDES Part 4: Accommodation and utilization of non-linear effects 1 Scope This part of IEC 61282, which is a technical report, is intended to describe physically and analytically non-linear effects in fibre optic systems, their impact on syst
33、em performance, and ways of minimizing the effects or using them to advantage. It contains some of ITU-T Recommendation G.663 11with additional material. More details on applications are considered in 2 and networks in 3. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are norma
34、tively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60793-1 (all parts), Optical fibres Part 1: Measurement me
35、thods and test procedures IEC 60793-2 (all parts), Optical fibres Part 2: Product specifications IEC/TR 61292-3, Optical amplifiers Part 3: Classification, characteristics and applications 3 Abbreviations and symbols 3.1 Abbreviations BER bit-error ratio DCF dispersion compensating fibre DWDM dense
36、wavelength division multiplexing/demultiplexing EDFA erbium-doped fibre amplifier FWHM full width at half-maximum FWM four-wave mixing FPM four-photon mixing IL insertion loss MI modulation instability OA optical amplifier OFA optical fibre amplifier ORL optical return loss OTDR optical time-domain
37、reflectometer PDC passive dispersion compensator PDL polarization dependent loss _ 1Figures in square brackets refer to the bibliography. PD IEC/TR 61282-4:2013Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networki
38、ng permitted without license from IHS-,-,- 6 TR 61282-4 IEC:2013(E) PMD polarization mode dispersion Rg regenerator RMSW root-mean-square width Rx receiver SBS simulated Brillouin scattering SLM single longitudinal mode SMF single-mode fibre SOA semiconductor optical amplifier SPM self-phase modulat
39、ion SRS simulated Raman scattering TDM time-division multiplexing Tx transmitter XPM (CPM) cross-phase modulation 3.2 Symbols Aeff(fibre) effective area in m2 c speed of light in a vacuum in km/s or nm/ps D chromatic dispersion coefficient in ps/nm-km f signal (modulation frequency in GHz g non-line
40、ar gain coefficient l light intensity in W/m2 Leff(fibre) effective length in km n phase (refractive) index N group index n0linear (phase) index n2non-linear (phase) index S (chromatic) dispersion slope in ps/nm2-km subscript BBrillouin scattering subscript Ppump signal subscript RRaman scattering s
41、ubscript SStokes signal t time in ps to s vggroup velocity (speed) in km/s or nm/ps vpphase velocity (speed) in km/s or nm/ps z distance coordinate along fibre in km (power) attenuation coefficient in np/km or dB/km propagation wave number in km-1 non-linearity coefficient in W-1or mW-1 light vacuum
42、 wavelength in nm to m optical phase optical frequency in THz optical circular frequency in THz PD IEC/TR 61282-4:2013Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-
43、TR 61282-4 IEC:2013(E) 7 4 General 4.1 System trends leading to non-linear effects The market demand for new advanced telecommunications services has driven the rapid increase of system bandwidth, and, for some applications, longer system distances. Greater bandwidth has been addressed in two ways.
44、One way is by increasing the channel bit-rate, accomplished with optoelectronic time-division multiplexing (TDM) and various types of signal encoding. Another way is by increasing the number of channels, accomplished with channel multiplexing, such as polarization division multiplexing or (more comm
45、only) by dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). Bandwidth limitations of the optical fibre cable can be overcome with various dispersion management techniques. Longer distances, defined to be the optical path lengths between 3R regenerators, can be achieved by two methods. One method is by i
46、ncreasing the span length, where a span is defined to be the optical path between optical amplifiers (OAs). A longer span length may be attained with fibre cable of lower attenuation coefficient and with fibre optic passive components having lower loss. The span length may also be increased with inc
47、reased launched channel power from the output of the OA at the beginning of the span or with lower allowed power at the input of the OA at the end of the span. Another method of increasing the optical path length is to increase the number of spans. This increases the number of OAs, but improvements
48、can be limited by amplifier noise degradation. There are a number of interactive trade-offs in system design. For example, increasing the bit-rate reduces the span length by requiring higher received power or by requiring lower link dispersion. The latter may be addressed by dispersion compensation, but this introduces losses. Increasing the number of channels in DWDM systems also reduces span length due to optical multiplexing and demultiplexing losses. The loss limitations of a span can be overcome with OAs, but these introduce
