1、BSI Standards PublicationNuclear power plants Instrumentation and controlimportant to safety Use and selection of wireless devices to be integrated in systems important to safetyPD IEC/TR 62918:2014National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of IEC/TR 62918:2014.The UK particip
2、ation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee NCE/8, Reactor instrumentation.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible f
3、or its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2014.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 85816 1ICS 27.120.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Polic
4、y and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2014.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD IEC/TR 62918:2014IEC TR 62918 Edition 1.0 2014-07 TECHNICAL REPORT Nuclear power plants Instrumentation and control important to safety Use and selection of wireless device
5、s to be integrated in systems important to safety INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION XB ICS 27.120.20 PRICE CODE ISBN 978-2-8322-1750-4 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. c
6、olourinsidePD IEC/TR 62918:2014 2 IEC 62918:2014 IEC 2014 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 5 INTRODUCTION . 7 1 Scope 9 2 Normative references 9 3 Terms and definitions 9 4 Motivation 11 5 Generic applications 13 6 Technology 16 6.1 Wireless basics . 16 6.2 Industrial wireless sensor networks . 19 6.3 Radio freq
7、uency 20 6.3.1 Applications . 20 6.3.2 802.11 (Wi-Fi), 802.15.1 (Bluetooth), 802.15.4 (sensors) . 23 6.4 Satellite leased channels and VSAT 25 6.5 Magnetic field communications . 26 6.6 Visual light communication (VLC) 27 6.7 Acoustic communication 27 6.8 Asset tracking utilizing IEEE 802.11 Focus o
8、n received signal strength 28 6.9 Asset tracking (RFID/RTLS): ISO 24730 . 29 7 Current wireless technology implementations 30 7.1 General . 30 7.2 Comanche Peak nuclear generating station 30 7.3 Arkansas Nuclear One (ANO) nuclear power plant 31 7.4 Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant . 32 7.5 Farley n
9、uclear power plant 33 7.6 San Onofre nuclear generating station 33 7.7 South Texas project electric generating station . 34 7.8 High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR), Oak Ridge, TN 34 8 Considerations 36 8.1 General . 36 8.2 Concerns regarding wireless technology . 36 8.3 Wireless deployment challenges .
10、 37 8.4 Coexistence of 802.11 and 802.15.4 . 38 8.5 Signal propagation 40 8.6 Lessons learned from wireless implementations 41 8.6.1 General . 41 8.6.2 Comanche Peak implementation 41 9 Concerns . 42 9.1 Common reliability and security concerns for wired media and wireless media 42 9.2 Reliability a
11、nd security concerns that are more of an issue for wired systems . 42 9.3 Reliability and security concerns that are more of an issue for wireless systems 42 10 Standards 43 10.1 Nuclear standards . 43 PD IEC/TR 62918:2014IEC 62918:2014 IEC 2014 3 10.1.1 General . 43 10.1.2 IEEE Std. 603-1998 . 43 1
12、0.1.3 IEEE Std. 7-4.3.2-2003 44 10.1.4 IEC 61500 . 44 10.2 Other safety-related standards and guidelines 45 10.2.1 IEC 61784-3 45 10.2.2 VTT research notes 2265. 46 10.2.3 European Workshop on Industrial Computer Systems Technical Committee 7 (EWICS TC7) 47 11 Conclusions . 47 11.1 Issues for wirele
13、ss application to NPP 47 11.2 Recommendations 48 Annex A (informative) Use of 5 GHz in the world 50 Annex B (informative) Synopses of wireless technologies 51 B.1 802.11 51 B.2 ISO 14443 Near Field Communications (NFC) 56 B.3 Real details of mesh networking . 59 B.4 Not all mesh networks are created
14、 equal Latency and indeterminism in mesh networks 62 B.5 ISA100.11a “Mesh When You Need It Networking” . 63 B.6 Security by non-routing edge nodes 66 B.7 Device and network provisioning methods . 67 Bibliography 69 Figure 1 Cost comparison Wired versus wireless for an extensive building automation s
15、ystem 12 Figure 2 Wireless use in nuclear power plants . 12 Figure 3 Possible application areas for wireless instrumentation in a nuclear power plant . 13 Figure 4 Bandwidth requirements for a variety of applications and the associated wireless technology that can support such requirements . 14 Figu
16、re 5 Structured fabric design of layered wireless for an industrial facility 15 Figure 6 Inexpensive wireless sensors in a fossil-fuel plant 16 Figure 7 Functional hierarchy . 18 Figure 8 Simplified diagram of a generic wireless sensor design 19 Figure 9 Standard compliant network . 20 Figure 10 802
17、.15.1 (Bluetooth) frequency channels in the 2 450 MHz range 23 Figure 11 802.15.4 frequency channels in the 2 450 MHz range 24 Figure 12 Overlapping channel assignments for 802.11 operation in the 2 400 MHz range 24 Figure 13 802.11n dual stream occupies 44 MHz of bandwidth. Dual stream 802.11n in t
18、he 2,4 GHz band 25 Figure 14 VSAT mini-hub network configuration . 26 Figure 15 Spatial resolution is provided in multiple axes only if the tag (target in this Figure) is in communications with multiple APs . 28 Figure 16 ISO 24730-2 architecture . 29 Figure 17 Wireless vibration system at ANO 32 Fi
19、gure 18 ANO wireless tank level system . 33 PD IEC/TR 62918:2014 4 IEC 62918:2014 IEC 2014 Figure 19 Installation of accelerometers on ORNL HFIR cold source expansion engines (9-2010) . 35 Figure 20 Cold source expansion engine monitoring system software 35 Figure 21 Installation of permanent wirele
20、ss monitoring system at ORNL HFIR cooling tower (8-2011) 36 Figure 22 System commissioned in August 2011 . 36 Figure 23 Identification of containment in a nuclear facility 38 Figure 24 Non-overlapping 802.11b/g channels and 802.15.4 channels . 39 Figure 25 Spectral analysis of Wi-Fi traffic for the
21、case where a) minimal wi-fi channel “usage” and b) streaming video transfer across Wi-Fi channel 7 are analyzed . 39 Figure 26 Multipath is exemplified in this indoor environment as the signal from Source (S) to Origin (O) may take many paths 41 Figure B.1 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) mode
22、l defines the end-to-end communications means and needs for a wireless field transmitter to securely communicate with a distributed control system (DCS) . 57 Figure B.2 Operating frequencies for an IEEE 802.15.4 radio are 868 MHz, 902-926 MHz and 2 405-2 485 MHz. The worldwide license-free band at 2
23、400 MHz is shown . 58 Figure B.3 Networking topologies take many forms with associated levels of complexity required for robust fault-tolerant data transport 58 Figure B.4 Typical mesh network diagram 59 Figure B.5 Requirement for mesh-networking communication of Figure B.4s topology . 60 Figure B.6
24、 RF footprint map for a mesh network gateway and four nodes 61 Figure B.7 The connectivity diagram for Figure B.6s RF footprint coverage map . 61 Figure B.8 Representation of the latency and indeterminism that it takes for a message to be transported through a mesh network that relies on time synchr
25、onization . 63 Figure B.9 The technical specifications associated with ISA100.11a end at the gateway. The area shaded falls within the Backhaul Work Group, ISA100.15 64 Figure B.10 ISA100.11a utilizes the best topology for the application, in this case, a star 64 Figure B.11 ISA100.11a allows for th
26、e deployment of multiple “hub and spoke” network elements with high speed interconnection to a gateway . 65 Figure B.12 The ISA100.11a network deployed at Arkema was a logical mix of wireless field transmitters and an ISA100.15 backhaul network . 65 Figure B.13 Networks deployed at neighbouring faci
27、lities will not “cross-talk” if non-routing nodes are deployed along the periphery of each facility 66 Figure B.14 State transition diagram showing various paths to joining a secured network . 68 Table 1 List of “industrial” radio technology standards and their candidate applications 21 Table 2 Cell
28、ular telephony frequencies in the US . 22 Table 3 GSM frequency bands, channel numbers assigned by the ITU 23 Table 4 Specific uses of wireless technologies in the nuclear industry . 30 Table A.1 Use of 5 GHz in America, Asia/Pacific, and Europe 50 PD IEC/TR 62918:2014IEC 62918:2014 IEC 2014 5 INTER
29、NATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL IMPORTANT TO SAFETY USE AND SELECTION OF WIRELESS DEVICES TO BE INTEGRATED IN SYSTEMS IMPORTANT TO SAFETY FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardiz
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41、ly published as an International Standard, for example “state of the art“. IEC TR 62918, which is a technical report, has been prepared by subcommittee 45A: Instrumentation, control and electrical systems of nuclear facilities, of IEC technical committee 45: Nuclear instrumentation. PD IEC/TR 62918:
42、2014 6 IEC 62918:2014 IEC 2014 The text of this technical report is based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Report on voting 45A/947/DTR 45A/963/RVC Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. Thi
43、s publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication
44、. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or amended. A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date. IMPORTANT Le logo “colour inside“ qui se trouve sur la page de couverture de cette publication indique quelle contient des
45、 couleurs qui sont considres comme utiles une bonne comprhension de son contenu. Les utilisateurs devraient, par consquent, imprimer cette publication en utilisant une imprimante couleur. PD IEC/TR 62918:2014IEC 62918:2014 IEC 2014 7 INTRODUCTION a) Technical background, main issues and organisation
46、 of the Standard The ad hoc meeting of the IEC Technical Working Group on Nuclear Power Plant Control and Instrumentation, held in Yokohama in May 2009, resulted in the recommendation to develop a technical report addressing the applicability of incorporating wireless technology throughout nuclear p
47、ower plant systems, regardless of the categorizations such as non-safety, important to availability and important to safety. This technical report addresses this recommendation and one of its main objectives is to pave the way for the development of a standard on the topic. The technical report addr
48、esses concerns regarding the application, safety and security of integrating wireless technologies into the systems of nuclear power plants. It reviews the motivation for use of wireless applications in nuclear power plants, wireless technology considerations, and the feasibility of incorporating wi
49、reless technology in nuclear power plants. It is intended that this Technical Report be used by operators of NPPs (utilities), systems evaluators and by licensors. b) Situation of the current Technical Report in the structure of the IEC SC 45A standard series IEC 62918 as a technical report is a fourth level IEC SC 45A document. For more details on the structure of the IEC SC 45A standard series, see it
