1、BSI Standards PublicationPD ISO/TR 12296:2012Ergonomics Manualhandling of people in thehealthcare sectorPD CEN ISO/TR 12296:2013Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD
2、 CEN ISO/TR 12296:2013 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN ISO/TR 12296:2013. It is identical to ISO/TR 12296:2012. It supersedes PD ISO/TR 12296:2012, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committ
3、ee PH/9, Applied ergonomics, to Subcommittee PH/9/-/4, Ergonomics Anthropometry and Biomechanics.A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are res
4、ponsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 82214 8ICS 13.180Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standar
5、ds Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2012.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affected30 September 2013 This corrigendum renumbers PD ISO/TR 12296:2012 as PD CEN ISO/TR 12296:2013Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for
6、 ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN ISO/TR 12296 September 2013 ICS 13.180 English Version Ergonomics - Manual handling of people in the healthcare sector (ISO/TR 12296:2012) Ergonomie - Manutention ma
7、nuelle des personnes dans le secteur de la sant (ISO/TR 12296:2012) Ergonomie - Manuelles Bewegen von Personen im Bereich der Pflege (ISO/TR 12296:2012) This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 19 August 2013. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 122. CEN members are the nation
8、al standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slova
9、kia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means
10、 reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN ISO/TR 12296:2013: ECopyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD CEN ISO/TR 12296:2013CEN ISO/TR 12296:2013 (E)CE
11、N ISO/TR 12296:2013 (E) 3 Foreword The text of ISO/TR 12296:2012 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159 “Ergonomics” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as CEN ISO/TR 12296:2013 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the secretaria
12、t of which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Endorsement notice The text of ISO/TR 12296:2012 has been a
13、pproved by CEN as CEN ISO/TR 12296:2013 without any modification. Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 12296:2012ISO/TR 12296:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights res
14、erved iiiContents PageForeword iv Introduction . v 1 Scope 1 2 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms 1 3 Recommendations 2 3.1 General aspects . 2 3.2 Risk assessment . 3 3.2.1 Hazard identification . 4 3.2.2 Risk estimation and evaluation 6 3.3 Risk reduction 7 Annex A (informative) Risk estimat
15、ion and risk evaluation . 8 Annex B (informative) Organizational aspects of patient handling interventions . 38 Annex C (informative) Aids and equipment . 43 Annex D (informative) Buildings and environment . 59 Annex E (informative) Staff education and training 71 Annex F (informative) Relevant info
16、rmation regarding the evaluation of intervention effectiveness . 74 Bibliography 80 PD ISO/TR 12296:2012ISO/TR 12296:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword iv Introduction . v1 Scope 12 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms 13 Recommendations 23.1 General aspects . 2 3.2 Ri
17、sk assessment . 3 3.2.1 Hazard identification . 4 3.2.2 Risk estimation and evaluation 6 3.3 Risk reduction 7 Annex A (informative) Risk estimation and risk evaluation . 8B Organizational aspects of patient handling interventions . 38C Aids and equipment . 43D Buildings and environment . 59E (inform
18、ative Staff education and training 71F (informative Relevant information regarding the evaluation of intervention effectiveness . 74Bibliography 80. . vPD CEN ISO/TR 12296:2013ISO/TR 12296:2012 (E)Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo
19、 reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 12296:2012ISO/TR 12296:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved vIntroductionNational and international statistics provide evidence that healthcare staff are subject to some of the highest risks of musculoskeletal disorders (pa
20、rticularly for the spine and shoulder), as compared with other jobs. Manual patient handling often induces high loads on the musculoskeletal systems, in particular on the lower back. Manual patient handling ought to be avoided where possible1)or be performed in a low-risk manner. Factors such as the
21、 number, capacity, experience and qualification of caregivers can interact with the following conditions to produce an increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders: number, type and condition of patients to be handled; awkward postures and force exertion; inadequacy (or absence) of equipment; restric
22、ted spaces where patients are handled; lack of education and training in caregivers specific tasks. An ergonomic approach can have a significant impact on reducing risk from manual patient handling. A good analysis of work organization, including handling tasks and the above-mentioned risk determina
23、nts, is extremely important in reducing risks to caregivers. The recommendations presented in this Technical Report allow identification of hazards, an estimation of the risk associated with manual patient handling and the application of solutions. They are based primarily on data integration from e
24、pidemiological and biomechanical approaches to manual (patient) handling and on the consensus of international experts in patient handling. The assessment and control of risks associated with other aspects of manual handling can be found in ISO 11228-1, ISO 11228-2, ISO 11228-3 and ISO 11226. 1) As
25、per European Council Directive 90/269/EEC on the minimum health and safety requirements for the manual handling of loads where there is a risk particularly of back injury to workers. PD ISO/TR 12296:2012ISO/TR 12296:2012(E) iv ISO 2012 All rights reservedForewordISO (the International Organization f
26、or Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has th
27、e right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental andnon-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Internati
28、onal Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication
29、as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), i
30、t may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility th
31、at some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 12296 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 3, Anthropometry and biomechanics.PD CEN ISO/TR 1229
32、6:2013ISO/TR 12296:2012 (E)Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 12296:2012TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 12296:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1Ergonomics Manu
33、al handling of people in the healthcare sector1 ScopeThis Technical Report provides guidance for assessing the problems and risks associated with manual patient handling in the healthcare sector, and for identifying and applying ergonomic strategies and solutions to those problems and risks.Its main
34、 goals are to improve caregivers working conditions by decreasing biomechanical overload risk, thus limiting work-related illness and injury, as well as the consequent costs and absenteeism, and to account for patients care quality, safety, dignity and privacy as regards their needs, including speci
35、fic personal care and hygiene. It is intended for all users (or caregivers and workers) involved in healthcare manual handling and, in particular, healthcare managers and workers, occupational safety and health caregivers, producers of assistive devices and equipment, education and training supervis
36、ors, and designers of healthcare facilities. Its recommendations are primarily applicable to the movement of people (adults and children) in the provision of healthcare services in purposely built or adapted buildings and environments. Some recommendations can also be applied to wider areas (e.g. ho
37、me care, emergency care, voluntary caregivers, cadaver handling). The recommendations for patient handling take into consideration work organization, type and number of patients to be handled, aids, spaces where patients are handled, as well as caregivers education and awkward postures, but do not a
38、pply to object (movement, transfer, pushing and pulling) or animal handling. Task joint analysis in a daily shift involving patient handling, pulling and pushing or object handling and transport is not considered. 2 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms For the purposes of this document, the foll
39、owing terms, definitions and abbreviated terms apply. 2.1aids and equipment assistive devices eliminating or reducing the caregivers physical effort during handling of a non- or partially cooperating patient 2.2caregiver individual required by his or her job specification to perform manual patient h
40、andling activities 2.3environment all physical conditions of the area where patients have to be handled, including space, climate and surfaces PD CEN ISO/TR 12296:2013Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking pe
41、rmitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 12296:2012ISO/TR 12296:2012(E) 2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved2.4manual patient handling activity requiring force to push, pull, lift, lower, transfer or in some way move or support a person or body part of a person with or without assistive devices 2.5p
42、atient individual who requires assistance to move Note 1 to entry: Types of patients include totally non-cooperating patients (to be fully handled by a caregiver), partially cooperating patients (to be partially handled by a caregiver). fully cooperating patients.Note 2 to entry: Missing willingness
43、 of the patient for cooperation may induce an increase in musculoskeletal load for the caregiver.Note 3 to entry: Other types of patient classifications are mentioned in C.4. Abbreviated terms NC totally non-cooperating patient PC partially cooperating patient MSD musculoskeletal disorders MPH manua
44、l patient handling LBP low-back or lower-back pain PU pressure ulcer 3 Recommendations3.1 General aspects A systematic review of patient handling literature shows that a strategy for risk assessment, application of engineering controls and management must be comprehensive (multifactor interventions)
45、 to be successful. Consequently, a strategy for risk prevention based on analytical assessment of the risk itself, all of its potential determinants (organizational, structural and educational), and on some key aspects of risk management is outlined below (see Figure 1). The strategy includes the us
46、e of managerial processes and systems for reducing causes and effects of musculoskeletal and other organizational losses from healthcare institutions. The participatory approach is emphasized in all aspects especially in changing work practices, defining training needs, purchasing technology/equipme
47、nt and designing work environments. PD CEN ISO/TR 12296:2013ISO/TR 12296:2012 (E)Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD ISO/TR 12296:2012ISO/TR 12296:2012(E) ISO 2012
48、 All rights reserved 3Risk assessment Risk management Based on: Organizational aspects; Adequate aids and equipment; Buildings and environment; Training and education; Check of effectiveness Figure 1 Comprehensive strategy The annexes present details of the main relevant aspects of the general strategy: risk assessment (Annex A); organizational aspects (Annex B); aids and equipment (Annex C); buildings and environment (Annex D); staff education and training (Annex E); effectiveness check (Annex F). The following sections (3.2 and 3.3) describe the basic recommendations for this str
