1、BSI Standards PublicationPD CEN/TR 13387-1:2015Child use and care articles General safety guidelinesPart 1: Safety philosophy and safetyassessmentPD CEN/TR 13387-1:2015 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 13387-1:2015. Together with PD CEN/TR
2、 13387-2:2015, PD CEN/TR 13387-3:2015, PD CEN/TR 13387-4:2015 and PD CEN/TR 13387-5:2015, it supersedes PD CEN/TR 13387:2004, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CW/1, Safety of child use and child care products.A list of organizations repr
3、esented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0
4、580 87778 0 ICS 97.190 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedTECHNICAL R
5、EPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 13387-1 July 2015 ICS 97.190 Supersedes CEN/TR 13387:2004English Version Child use and care articles - General safety guidelines - Part 1: Safety philosophy and safety assessment This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 12 January 2015. It has b
6、een drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 252. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithu
7、ania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-
8、1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 13387-1:2015 EPD CEN/TR 13387-1:2015CEN/TR 13387-1:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 Introduction . 4 1 Scope 6 2 General safety 6 3 Terms and defi
9、nitions . 7 4 Accident data . 8 5 Hazard and risk assessment 8 5.1 Introduction 8 5.2 Methodology 8 Annex A (informative) Anthropometric data and abilities of children from birth to 48 months 16 A.1 General . 16 A.2 Terms and definitions related to anthropometric data 16 A.3 Recommendations for use
10、of data 17 A.4 Applications . 19 A.4.1 Accessibility . 19 A.4.2 Openings 19 A.4.3 Structural integrity 19 A.5 Tables with body dimensions 20 A.6 Tables with force measurements . 28 A.7 Abilities of children . 30 A.8 Sources of data 30 Bibliography 33 PD CEN/TR 13387-1:2015CEN/TR 13387-1:2015 (E) 3 E
11、uropean foreword This document (CEN/TR 13387-1:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 252 “Child use and care articles”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN
12、 and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TR 13387:2004. CEN/TR 13387 comprises the following five parts: Safety philosophy and safety assessment (CEN/TR 13387-1); Chemical hazards (CEN/TR 13387-2); Mechanical hazards (C
13、EN/TR 13387-3); Thermal hazards (CEN/TR 13387-4); Product information (CEN/TR 13387-5). PD CEN/TR 13387-1:2015CEN/TR 13387-1:2015 (E) 4 Introduction This is a revision of CR 13387 first published in 1999. It is a non-normative CEN publication which provides guidance information on common hazards tha
14、t should be taken into consideration when developing safety standards for child use and care articles. A general safety philosophy and safety assessment methodology is given in Part 1 of these guidelines together with a collection of anthropometric data. Chemical hazards are addressed in Part 2. The
15、 chemical risk associated with the use of materials for the construction, coating and/or packaging of child use and care articles that may affect childrens health are considered. Mechanical hazards are addressed in Part 3. “Mechanical hazard” is a general designation for physical factors which may g
16、ive rise to injury due to the mechanical properties of products or parts of products. Thermal hazards are addressed in Part 4. “Thermal hazards” include hazards associated with flammability and the burning characteristics of materials, contact with hot and cold surfaces, liquids and food, contact wi
17、th flames, contact with products that melt on heating and overheating or exposure of a child to very low and very high temperatures. Product information which should be supplied with a child use and care article is addressed in Part 5. “Product information” covers all the documentation and informati
18、on that should be supplied to ensure the safe use of the product and also the safety of the child using the product. These guidelines deal with hazards that are common to child use and care articles. They have been drawn-up by a working group of experts set up by CEN TC 252 with the prime objective
19、of harmonizing the approach to hazard and risk assessment and injury prevention. The guidelines give recommendations on preventive safety measures to avoid injuries that could be caused by child use and care articles. If the child use and care article has a protective function, this has to be effect
20、ive; additionally the product itself has to cause no injury to the child. The standards being drafted by CEN/TC 252 are for child use and care articles intended for children from birth to 48 months of age who form a very vulnerable group in society. Up to 18 months of age the development of knowledg
21、e takes place through the combined use of sensory and motor skills, i.e. children learn to see, hear, taste, smell and feel. Their movements are aimed at achieving familiarity with their environment. As children become older they achieve increased muscular control and balance. Even up to 48 months o
22、f age children are unpredictable in their behaviour. Special consideration has to be given to the fact that these children cannot understand how to avoid risks and thus are involuntarily exposed to them. Child use and care articles constitute a group with large variations between the different produ
23、cts. However many safety hazards associated with this diverse group of products are very similar. These guidelines identify many of these safety hazards and give details that enable similar safety principles to be applied to the drafting of standards across the group of products. The information giv
24、en in these guidelines reflects the state of the art at publication. Standards and regulations will continuously be developed. Other sources may also provide useful information for the reader. PD CEN/TR 13387-1:2015CEN/TR 13387-1:2015 (E) 5 How to use these guidelines The safety requirements and tes
25、t methods given are intended to give guidance and to lead to consistency when writing safety standards for child use and care articles. It is recommended to use these guidelines when drafting standards. In addition, these guidelines can assist those with a general professional interest in child safe
26、ty. The safety requirements detailed do not constitute an exhaustive set that can be applied to all child use and care articles. The application to particular products should be evaluated by experts. In these guidelines rationales are given to explain the potential hazard. Wherever possible, require
27、ments, test equipment and test methods are given which can be used when drafting standards. The terminology in these guidelines is not the one required for standards:, the word shall has to be used in standards, not should as given in these guidelines. CEN/TC 252 is, wherever possible when writing n
28、ew standards or revising existing standards, drafting their standards on a hazard based format (see for example EN 16120:2012+A1:2014 and EN 1930:2011). The different parts of the CEN/TR 13387 should enable working groups to draft their standards in a hazard based format by proceeding in the followi
29、ng way: identification of the hazards and assessment of the risk; definition of the requirements to address an identified hazard and risk; definition of relevant test methods to check that the requirements are met; provision of an Annex which indicates the rationale for the inclusion of the requirem
30、ents. PD CEN/TR 13387-1:2015CEN/TR 13387-1:2015 (E) 6 1 Scope This Technical Report, contains the general safety philosophy and a guideline on safety assessment that experts are recommended to use when drafting standards. It also contains an Annex A with a collection of available anthropometric data
31、 and details of the abilities of children from birth to 48 months of age. The general safety philosophy given in this part is based on the principle that child use and care articles should be designed to be safe. Children with special needs have not been taken into account while drafting these guide
32、lines. ISO/IEC Guide 71 should be consulted to ascertain any further requirements to address the hazards and risks associated with children with special needs. These guidelines do not cover all types of hazards and risks, such as inappropriate use of products, inadequate supervision of children and
33、products used in a non-domestic situation. Attention is drawn to the importance of ensuring that all other potential hazards relevant to the product are fully addressed e.g. hygiene, the effects of electrical power etc., where other safety standards may apply. 2 General safety Safety is often a bala
34、nce between being safe from injury and the other demands of a child use and care article, for example, ensuring that the item is fit for purpose as well as meeting consumers needs and expectations. Attention should be paid to: the childs stage of development (ability, weight, age, etc.); the intende
35、d or foreseeable use of the product, bearing in mind a childs unpredictable behaviour. This unpredictable behaviour exposes children to injury in ways that differ from those of adults, making children a particularly vulnerable group in society; the hazard presented by the product in the environment
36、where the product is used. Child use and care articles should be designed to be safe. Hazards should be eliminated wherever possible. For cases where a hazard cannot be eliminated or sufficiently minimized by design or safeguards product related information should be given. However product related i
37、nformation should not be used as an alternative to safe design. Where the function of a product or part of a product changes by virtue of its use and is beyond the scope of child use and care articles, appropriate requirements should be applied. An example may be a high chair that can be converted i
38、nto a normal chair. PD CEN/TR 13387-1:2015CEN/TR 13387-1:2015 (E) 7 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 harm injury or damage to the health of people, or damage to property or the environment 3.2 hazard potential source of harm 3.
39、3 risk combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm Note 1 to entry: The probability of occurrence includes the exposure to a hazardous situation, the occurrence of a hazardous event, and the possibility to avoid or limit the harm. 3.4 hazard characterisation qu
40、antitative evaluation of the nature of the adverse health effects following exposure to a risk source(s) 3.5 hazard identification identification of a risk source(s) capable of causing adverse effect(s) 3.6 risk analysis systematic use of available information to identify hazards and to estimate the
41、 risk 3.7 risk evaluation procedure based on the risk analysis to determine whether tolerable risk has been exceeded 3.8 risk assessment overall process comprising a risk analysis and a risk evaluation Note 1 to entry: In practical terms this means the evaluation, including the identification of the
42、 related uncertainties, of the likelihood and severity of an adverse effect(s) following exposure under defined means to a risk source(s). 3.9 safety freedom from risk which is not tolerable 3.10 intended use use in accordance with information provided together with a product or system, or, in the a
43、bsence of such information, by generally understood patterns of usage PD CEN/TR 13387-1:2015CEN/TR 13387-1:2015 (E) 8 4 Accident data Available accident and injury data should be consulted. The absence of an accident history cannot be a good reason for an automatic presumption of a low level of risk
44、. Other factors should be taken into account, particularly when the possible severity of injury is high. Appropriate data may not be available for many reasons, including the absence or ineffectiveness of a data collection system, the time delay in collating and presenting statistics, changes in pro
45、duct design and use conditions etc. For example, historical information related to a product or material used in a hot climate may not apply to its use in colder countries or vice versa. 5 Hazard and risk assessment 5.1 Introduction The approach to hazard risk assessment described in this clause sho
46、uld ensure that the major hazards are assessed when considering child safety within standards. This clause details a process to identify non-chemical hazards and to assess the risks of injury to children associated with child use and care articles. The assessment of chemical hazards and risks is inc
47、luded in CEN/TR 13387-2. When developing a new child use and care article safety standard or revising an existing one or working with a standard where child safety needs to be addressed, it is necessary to conduct a hazard and risk assessment. This involves gathering together information from a vari
48、ety of sources such as accident data, RAPEX and recall notifications, expert opinion and other reliable sources of information. Additionally, reference should be made to relevant child safety guidelines, publications and safety standards. The hazard risk assessment methodology described in this clau
49、se is intended to be used during development or revision of standards; it is not designed to be used solely during product development or for assessment of products on the market. 5.2 Methodology Separate hazard and risk assessment tables are provided for mechanical hazards, thermal hazards and other non-chemical hazards. All three tables list the known hazards that have been identified through review of available guides and standards. Additional hazards not listed in the tables may be associated with certain product categories and should also be c
