1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationCharacterization of waste Kinetic testing for assessing acid generation potential of sulfidic waste from extractiveindustriesPD CEN/TR 16363:2012National forewordThis Published D
2、ocument is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 16363:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical CommitteeB/508, Waste Management, to Subcommittee B/508/3, Characterization ofwaste.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretar
3、y.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 72732 0ICS 13.030.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confe
4、r immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2013.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 16363:2012TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCH
5、ER BERICHT CEN/TR 16363 December 2012 ICS 13.030.01 English Version Characterization of waste - Kinetic testing for assessing acid generation potential of sulfidic waste from extractive industries Caractrisation des dchets - Essais cintiques pour la dtermination du potentiel de gnration dacide des d
6、chets sulfurs des industries extractives Charakterisierung von Abfllen - Kinetische Prfungen zur Bestimmung des Surebildungspotentials von sulfidhaltigen Abfllen der mineralgewinnenden Industrie This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 9 April 2012. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committe
7、e CEN/TC 292. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
8、Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation
9、in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16363:2012: EPD CEN/TR 16363:2012CEN/TR 16363:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 4Introduction .51 Scope 72 Methods 72.1 General 72.2 Planning 72.3 Testing data 92.4 Humidity cell test 102.5 Other column tests .
10、 112.6 Lysimeter . 122.7 Field test 122.7.1 General . 122.7.2 Rainfall simulation tests 132.7.3 Long-term field tests 132.8 Key testing variables 132.8.1 General . 132.8.2 Sample size and sample preparation 142.8.3 Temperature 152.8.4 Duration . 152.8.5 Sample selection. 152.9 Method summary 153 Int
11、erpretation and evaluation 173.1 General . 173.2 Reaction rates . 173.2.1 General . 173.2.2 Sulfide oxidation rate, assessed by sulfate release 183.2.3 Sulfide oxidation rate, assessed by oxygen consumption 193.3 Leaching rates . 203.4 Leaching result evaluation 213.5 Application to field conditions
12、 223.5.1 General . 223.5.2 Mineralogy/mineral chemistry . 233.5.3 Particle size . 233.5.4 Texture / hydraulic conditions . 243.5.5 Air flow / oxygen exposure 243.5.6 Temperature 243.5.7 Microbes (inhibitors/enhancers) . 243.5.8 Test duration . 253.6 Field test evaluations . 253.6.1 General . 253.6.2
13、 Rainfall simulation tests 253.6.3 Long-term field tests 254 Recommendations 274.1 General . 274.2 Assess if the material is going acidic or not . 274.3 Define sulfide oxidation rate 274.4 Define acid consuming reaction rate 274.5 Assess when the material will go acidic 284.6 Estimate leaching rates
14、 and leachate quality 284.7 Evaluate closure options . 28PD CEN/TR 16363:2012CEN/TR 16363:2012 (E) 3 Bibliography 29PD CEN/TR 16363:2012CEN/TR 16363:2012 (E) 4 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16363:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste”, the secretariat
15、of which is held by NEN. The preparation of this document by CEN is based on a mandate by the European Commission (Mandate M/395), which assigned the development of standards on the characterization of waste from extractive industries. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements
16、of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16363:2012CEN/TR 16363:2012 (E) 5 Introduction A specific feature of sulfide containing waste is the risk for acid/neutral drainage generati
17、on (A/NRD). Acid drainage occurs if the acid generation from sulfide oxidation exceeds the acid buffering from minerals in the waste while, in this context, neutral drainage occurs when neutralisation generation exceeds the acid generation. Test methods for the determination of acid generation behav
18、iour can be divided into static and kinetic tests. A static test is used for screening purposes. It is usually relatively fast to perform, but gives only indicative information based on total content of sulfur (or sulfides) and of readily available buffering minerals in the waste material. Kinetic t
19、ests give more detailed information on behaviour based on the determination of mineral reaction rates under specified conditions. A European Standard, EN 15875, has been established for the static testing, while this Technical Report gives guidance on how the kinetic testing may be performed and int
20、erpreted. Kinetic testing has been required as part of permit processes for many new and operating mine sites. Many different test methods have been used over the last 20 to 30 years. These tests are commonly designed to avoid that the oxidation rate is limited due to the lack of oxygen or build-up
21、of secondary minerals. Kinetic tests based on current standards and laboratory-scale standard practise (ASTM D5744 - 96:2001 and ASTM D5744 - 07:2007; Morin and Hutt, 1997; Lapakko, 2003) are not designed to evaluate short- and long-term drainage water quality. However, adjustments to the standard p
22、rotocols can be done to produce indicative information about short-term drainage water quality. Together with modelling, this information can be used to predict/estimate long-term drainage water quality. This Technical Report is a guidance document that discusses the main kinetic test methods that a
23、re used within the mining sector internationally, the applicability of the different tests and how to evaluate the results. Kinetic test results may provide valuable information, but it is important to understand their limitations. Sulfide oxidation in the field is controlled by many different facto
24、rs that may be difficult to simulate within the laboratory. Some of these factors may in fact be unknown at the time of testing. The complexity of applying test results to field conditions may to some extent be balanced by long experience in evaluating such data. The objective of this Technical Repo
25、rt is to support the management of waste from extractive industries by giving guidance on how to characterize the kinetically controlled process of acid drainage generation. The target audience of the document includes all stakeholders concerned with the management of extractive waste including the
26、extractive industry, authorities, regulators, consultants, and testing laboratories. Document structure This Technical Report is organized to provide the answers to the three main questions below. What type of data will kinetic testing provide and what methods are available? Clause 2 Methods After i
27、ntroducing the concepts of kinetic testing for assessing acid generation potential of sulfidic waste, this clause (Clause 2) describes what type of information these tests provide. This clause also reviews the different tests methods and the ability to meet the objectives set out for the different k
28、inetic tests. Methods to evaluate both acid generating reactions and neutralizing reactions are described. How can the data be interpreted? Clause 3 Interpretation and evaluation This clause (Clause 3) gives guidance on how results from kinetic tests can be applied. Included in this clause is guidan
29、ce on how results from the tests may be used to calculate the bulk oxidation rate for the material; to evaluate the leaching rates for elements within the test system; and based on the results, to evaluate mineral reactions in the system. Kinetic test relevance for describing field scale processes i
30、s discussed. PD CEN/TR 16363:2012CEN/TR 16363:2012 (E) 6 What method to select? Clause 4 Recommendations The clause ends with recommendations on the selection of kinetic test design depending on objective(s). PD CEN/TR 16363:2012CEN/TR 16363:2012 (E) 7 1 Scope This Technical Report describes the per
31、formance and evaluation of kinetic tests for sulfidic waste material that, according to previous testing (primarily acid base accounting), is likely to go acidic or when the result of such testing is inconclusive. This Technical Report also covers the issue of drainage from sulfidic material that is
32、 likely to be well buffered but that will produce a neutral drainage potentially affected by sulfide mineral oxidation. This Technical Report will not include aspects of sampling and testing that are already covered in the overall guidance document for characterisation of extractive waste (CEN/TR 16
33、376) or in the guidance document on sampling of wastes from extractive industries (CEN/TR 16365). 2 Methods 2.1 General It is necessary to have a good understanding of the waste material before kinetic (mineral reaction rate) testing is performed. This together with well-defined objectives will aid
34、in selecting the methods. This clause describes the planning of kinetic testing, key elements to analyse for, and the main methods used by the industry. 2.2 Planning Figure 1 shows a flow chart of the different steps to consider when planning for kinetic testing. A number of the steps in the flow ch
35、art are not further discussed in this document. More details on topics related to sampling are found in CEN/TR 16365, e.g. supporting information, data quality, documentation and reporting are discussed in overall guidance document (CEN/TR 16376). Additional information that puts kinetic testing in
36、a wider context may also be found in the overall guidance document. PD CEN/TR 16363:2012CEN/TR 16363:2012 (E) 8 Figure 1 General outline of the steps involved when performing kinetic testing for assessing acid/neutral generation potential of sulfidic waste from extractive industries The only kinetic
37、 test method that has been standardized is the so-called humidity cell test (HCT) (ASTM D5744 - 96:2001, ASTM D5744 - 07:2007 and ASTM D5744-12; Sobek et al, 1978). This method has been used extensively in the mining sector. The method is designed to evaluate long-term acid generation potential and
38、not to predict long term mineral reactions and mineral leaching in the actual tailings management facility (TMF) or waste rock dump, as pointed out by Sobek et al (1978) and re-emphasized by Lapakko et al (2003) and EIPPCB (2004). Kinetic tests can be designed as small laboratory tests or large-scal
39、e field tests. During the exploration phase only smaller amounts of material are available and humidity cell test are the most common kinetic test used. The interpretation of the humidity cell test may help in defining feasible waste management options. Most of the laboratory tests are run with rela
40、tively small amounts of crushed material (a few hundred grams to a few kilograms) with an optimal amount of oxygen available. The amount of rinse solution used is intended to be high enough to ensure removal of all reaction products, so that secondary precipitates do not limit reactions. However, at
41、 higher pH ( 4 to 5) iron oxides are likely to precipitate. If the exploration project proceeds into mining, larger amounts of material will become available for testing. This may give the opportunity to design and run tests that are larger and/or more suited to site-specific conditions (column test
42、s, lysimeter tests, field tests, etc.). These tests will give more reliable results for evaluating the long-term oxidation and leaching rates. PD CEN/TR 16363:2012CEN/TR 16363:2012 (E) 9 Kinetic testing may be performed several times through the lifetime of an extractive operation. It is common to e
43、stablish field tests with extensive instrumentation at an early stage of operation. These field tests can be considered kinetic verification tests and will give valuable information for the final planning for closure. In summary, the main kinetic tests designs used by extractive industries internati
44、onally are: humidity cell tests; column tests; lysimeter tests; and field tests. The humidity cell has a standard protocol while the other methods are site specific and not standardized. In practise, also the humidity cell test that are being run are for or by the extractive industry commonly deviat
45、e from the standard design by introducing more site-specific aspects. If the humidity cell protocols are followed, the reaction products are to be flushed out at cyclic intervals. Column experiments can, however, be designed to allow for build-up of secondary minerals by reducing the water amount fo
46、r flushing. The column is likely to induce a concentration gradient along the length of the axis in the flow direction. There are also other test methods that can be useful for testing certain processes and reaction rates under given conditions. The listed four most commonly used tests are described
47、 in the following sections complemented by a few additional tests that may be useful for evaluating reaction and leaching rates. 2.3 Testing data The kinetic testing data to be obtained from the different tests will depend on the defined objective(s). The primary data commonly include pH, alkalinity
48、, sulfate and weight of the sample. However, when analysing leachate samples, it is often beneficial for the understanding of the processes within the tested material to do a multi-element analysis. Kinetic testing requires collecting and analysing many samples over a long period of time (months to
49、years). Only a few basic parameters are normally analysed on a regular basis. When there is a significant change in the basic parameters (e.g. pH and sulfate, see below), a full chemical analysis of the leachate may be performed to better understand the processes taking place and to provide input data for estimations/evaluations of drainage water quality. The key parameters will commonly include: alkalinity; pH; sulfate; total dissolv
