1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationLiquid petroleum products Oxygenates blending in line with actual EN 228 requirementsPD CEN/TR 16435:2012National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/
2、TR 16435:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical CommitteePTI/2, Liquid Fuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users
3、 are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 78575 7ICS 91.100.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of t
4、heStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2012.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 16435:2012TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16435 October 2012 ICS 91.100.01 English Version Liquid petroleum products -
5、 Oxygenates blending in line with actual EN 228 requirements Produits ptroliers liquides - Oxygenates blending par exigences actuelles dEN 228 Flssige Minerallerzeugnisse - Zumischung von sauerstoffhaltigen Verbindungen entsprechend den bestehenden Anforderungen nach EN 228 This Technical Report was
6、 approved by CEN on 25 September 2012. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 19. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, H
7、ungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Manag
8、ement Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16435:2012: EPD CEN/TR 16435:2012CEN/TR 16435:2012 2 Contents Page Foreword 31 Scope 42 Background 43 General issues .44 Refer
9、ence data .45 Blend examples5Bibliography 7PD CEN/TR 16435:2012CEN/TR 16435:2012 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16435:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat
10、of which is held by NEN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16435:2012CEN/TR 16435:2012 4 1 Scope This Technica
11、l Report provides information to the blender on all the effects when blending oxygenates and alcohols in order to fulfil legal limitations put in place through the revised Fuels Quality Directive and in order to remain in line with EN 228 unleaded petrol requirements. This Technical Report is publis
12、hed as background information. NOTE For the purposes of this Technical Report, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent respectively the mass fraction, , and the volume fraction, . 2 Background The purpose of this Technical Report is to provide guidance when blending oxygenates while
13、meeting the requirements of EN 228:2012 3 for both oxygenates and oxygen content as listed in Table 1 and Table 2 of that European Standard. Selected properties of some commonly used oxygenates and examples of six oxygenated blends are reported to demonstrate the relationship between the concentrati
14、on of oxygenated blending components and oxygen content. The data given in this document are based on the properties of pure chemical products. If impurities, by-products or unreacted feedstocks are present in the oxygenates, these data may differ slightly from those for commercial oxygenates. 3 Gen
15、eral issues The relationship between oxygenate contents expressed in % (m/m) and %(V/V) depends on the density of the individual components and their possible non-linear interactions (effects such as volume change) when blended. Changes in density can be caused by variations in the composition of th
16、e oxygenate components (e.g. the purity of the oxygenate) as well as by the measurement temperature. These density changes will also be reflected in the % (V/V) range of the final product. This means that the limits for oxygenate content in % (V/V) will depend on all of these variations so that accu
17、rate limits are not very easily specified in practical terms. Therefore, accurate relationships between the oxygenates content in % (V/V) and the oxygen content in % (m/m) can only be given when all of the influencing factors are precisely described. 4 Reference data Tables 1 and 2 of EN 228:2012 li
18、st the different oxygenates that are allowed for blending in petrol for which reference data 4, 5, 6, 7 are given in Table 1 below. NOTE 1 Table 1 and its requirements also include other oxygenates: other mono-alcohols and ethers with a final boiling point not higher than 210 C. Reference data have
19、not been included. NOTE 2 Reference data have been included for several ethers even though they all fall under the single definition and limits of “ethers (five or more C atoms)”. PD CEN/TR 16435:2012CEN/TR 16435:2012 5 Table 1 Selected properties of petrol and some oxygenates Component Abbreviation
20、 Formula Densityat 15 C kg/m Molecular weight g/mol Oxygencontent % (m/m) Unleaded petrol EN 228 CxHy720 - 775 100 - 105 0,0 Methanol MeOH C1H4O 795,8 32,04 49,93 Ethanol EtOH C2H6O 794,8 46,07 34,73 Isopropyl Alcohol IPA C3H8O 789,4 60,10 26,62 Tertiary Butyl Alcohol TBA C4H10O 810,6 74,12 21,59 Is
21、obutyl Alcohol IBA C4H10O 789,5 74,12 21,59 Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether MTBE C5H12O 745,3 88,15 18,15 Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether ETBE C6H14O 745,0 102,18 15,66 Tertiary Amyl Methyl Ether TAME C6H14O 775,2 102,18 15,66 Tertiary Amyl Ethyl Ether TAEE C7H16O 750,0 116,20 13,77 5 Blend examples There ar
22、e a wide range of blending choices that may be chosen between alcohols and ethers. For the purposes of this document, the following selection criteria have been adopted: the petrol density is assumed to be 750 kg/m; blends of more than two oxygenates are not considered; among the alcohols, only etha
23、nol has been considered; among the ethers, only ETBE has been considered; oxygen content is maximized at 2,7 % (m/m) for E5 and at 3,7 % (m/m) for E10; a maximum ETBE content case, corresponding to 22 % (V/V) in E10, is not included in these examples; a 5 % (V/V) EtOH case is considered both for E5
24、and E10 grades in order to provide an “across-grades” comparison; a 1:1 alcohol/ether blend is included to represent a “co-blending“ option. Using these criteria, six different blending examples are provided in Table 2, three for E5 and three for E10 blends. PD CEN/TR 16435:2012CEN/TR 16435:2012 6 T
25、able 2 Examples of different oxygenate blends Oxygenate Blends Oxygen EtOH ETBE Example Name Type % (m/m) % (V/V) % (m/m) % (V/V) % (m/m) 1 E5 EtOH only 1,84 5,00 5,30 0 0 2 E5 ETBE only 2,7 0 0 17,36 17,24 3 E5 5 % (V/V) EtOH & ETBE 2,7 5,00 5,30 5,53 5,49 4 E10 EtOH only 3,68 10,00 10,60 0 0 5 E10
26、 5% (V/V) EtOH & ETBE 3,70 5,00 5,30 11,96 11,88 6 E10 7 % (m/m) ETBE & EtOH 3,70 7,07 7,50 7,05 7,00 The relationship between the volume percentage of an oxygenate component as a function of its mass percentage (and vice versa) is as described below when the densities of the finished blend and one
27、of the two blending components are known: O= OO/ P(1) O= OP/ O(2) where O= mass fraction of the oxygenated component in the final blend, expressed in % (m/m) O= volume fraction of the oxygenated component in the final blend, expressed in % (V/V) O= density of the oxygenated component P= density of p
28、etrol PD CEN/TR 16435:2012CEN/TR 16435:2012 7 Bibliography 1 Directive 2009/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 98/70/EC amending Directive 98/70/EC as regards the specification of petrol, diesel and gas oil and introducing a mechanism to monitor a
29、nd reduce greenhouse gas emissions and amending Council Directive 1999/32/EC as regards the specification of fuel used by inland waterway vessels and repealing Directive 93/12/EEC 2 Directive 2011/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 1 June 2011 amending, for the purpose of its ada
30、ptation to technical progress, Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels 3 EN 228:2012, Automotive fuels Unleaded petrol Requirements and test methods 4 Automotive fuels handbook K. Owen, T. Coley SAE International 1990 5 Alte
31、rnative Fuel Technology Series Volume 2 Comparative Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels E.M. Goodger Cranfield Press 1982 6 Technical Product Bulletin ETBE EFOA June 2006 7 FERC REACH Consortium: http:/www.reachcentrum.eu/en/consortium-management/consortia-under-reach/ferc-reach-consort
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