1、Quantifying irradiance for eye-mediated non-image-forming effects of light in humansPD CEN/TR 16791:2017BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16791 August 2017 ICS 17.180.20 English Version Quant
2、ifying irradiance for eye-mediated non-image-forming effects of light in humans Quantification de lclairement nergtique pour les effets non formateurs dimage de la lumire transmise par le biais des yeux chez lhomme Bewertung von Strahlung fr nichtvisuelle Wirkungen von Licht bei Aufnahme ber die Aug
3、en This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 2 July 2017. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 169. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Fra
4、nce, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROP
5、ISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16791:2017 ENational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CE
6、N/TR 16791:2017.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EL/1, Light and lighting applications.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisio
7、ns of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2017 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017ISBN 978 0 580 87509 0ICS 17.180.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This Published Document was published
8、 under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2017.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 16791:2017TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16791 August 2017 ICS 17.180.20 English Version
9、 Quantifying irradiance for eye-mediated non-image-forming effects of light in humans Quantification de lclairement nergtique pour les effets non formateurs dimage de la lumire transmise par le biais des yeux chez lhomme Bewertung von Strahlung fr nichtvisuelle Wirkungen von Licht bei Aufnahme ber d
10、ie Augen This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 2 July 2017. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 169. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoni
11、a, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION
12、 EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16791:2017 EPD CEN/TR 16791:2017CEN/TR 16791:2017 (E) 2 Contents Page Europea
13、n foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions . 5 4 Non-visual effects of light 10 4.1 General . 10 4.2 Characterization of light regarding non-image-forming effects . 11 4.2.1 Measurement of spectral power distribution 11 4.2.2 Determination of each of the
14、 photoreceptor inputs 12 4.3 Pre-receptoral filtering considerations . 15 4.3.1 General . 15 4.3.2 Definitions for age-corrected quantities . 16 Annex A (informative) Examples of use 19 A.1 Quantifying stimulus to photoreceptors by illuminants . 19 A.2 Discussion on cumulated photoreceptor input for
15、 non-image-forming effects 22 Bibliography . 23 PD CEN/TR 16791:2017CEN/TR 16791:2017 (E) 3 European foreword This document (CEN/TR 16791:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 169 “Light and lighting”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the possibility tha
16、t some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16791:2017CEN/TR 16791:2017 (E) 4 Introduction There is strong scientific evidence that light is not only essential f
17、or vision but also elicits important biological, non-image-forming effects that are highly relevant for human performance and well-being. The non-image-forming effects can be either eye or skin mediated (e.g. vitamin D production, skin cancer or solar dermatitis). This document focuses on the eye-me
18、diated non-image-forming effects. Depending on time of light exposure, spectral power distribution, duration of exposure, and individual parameters like circadian phase, light history, and others, light can cause suppression of the nocturnal release of melatonin, increase heart rate as well as alert
19、ness and affect thermoregulation 17, or the electroencephalogram spectrum. Light is the main synchroniser of the human biological clock. It can shift the phase of the circadian system and determines the timing of sleep/wake cycle. In a proportion of patients, light exposure can alleviate seasonal an
20、d non-seasonal depression and improve quality of life 1. Upon light exposure, fast responses in the range of seconds were seen in the pupillary reflex or in brain activity. The current lighting practice and the tendency for energy saving, e.g. European Regulations 244/2009 and 859/2009 as well as 24
21、5/2009 and 347/2010 tend to reduce indoor illumination levels. This can create lighting conditions that are sub-optimal for human well-being, health and functioning. The above mentioned biological effects of light are elicited by stimulation of ocular photoreceptors. The receptors for vision, the ro
22、ds and cones, are relatively well understood and characterized by standards such as CIE S 017. Although melanopsin containing retinal ganglion cells (intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells, ipRGCs) play an important role in the non-image-forming effects of light, this photoreceptor is n
23、ot yet included in existing lighting standards and recommendations. Therefore, a description of optical radiation solely according to the photopic action spectrum is not sufficient. The actual biological effect to ocular exposure to light will depend on the relative response of all photoreceptors an
24、d there is good evidence for synergistic responses between the receptors. For a deeper understanding of how a stimulation of the photoreceptors leads to a desirable or undesirable biological effect, light will be characterized in a way to quantify the input to each of the five known photoreceptors.
25、It is also important to recognize the importance of darkness, and the daily pattern of light and dark, particularly around and during periods of sleep. Additionally, certain changes to the balance of the spectrum of light at different times of day might be helpful in promoting circadian rhythms 18,
26、but further evidence would be needed to support this as a general principle. Analysing the involvement of different photoreceptors would be crucial to understand how such outcomes with impact on human health are provoked. The biological non-visual effects of light have a direct impact on human perfo
27、rmance and well-being with large implications for architecture, indoor design, and lighting as well as for social- and work-schedules. The integration of these effects in lighting applications and designs requires new metrics to quantify light. This report contains input of experts that, at the time
28、 of writing, also have contributed to the Draft International Standard in preparation by CIE JTC 9 “CIE system for metrology of ipRGC influenced light response“. This Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and, unlike CIE JTC 9, does not address field of view aspects. Consequently, insig
29、hts, terminology, tables (on spectral sensitivity and age correction) and symbols used in this report may be outdated after publication of the new CIE standard. PD CEN/TR 16791:2017CEN/TR 16791:2017 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Report proposes metrics that can be used to evaluate and compare lightin
30、g conditions with respect to their potential to achieve non-image-forming, eye-mediated effects of light in human beings. This document applies to visible optic radiation in the wavelength range from 380 nm to 780 nm. This Technical Report does not give information for particular lighting applicatio
31、ns. This Technical Report does not address health safety issues such as resulting from flicker, photobiological safety or the effects of non-visible optical radiation (ultraviolet and infrared radiation). 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced
32、 in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12665, Light and lighting - Basic terms and criteria for specifying lighting
33、 requirements CIE S 017/E:2011, ILV: International Lighting Vocabulary 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in CIE S 017/E:2011, EN 12665 and the following apply. NOTE The differences for definitions of spectrally-weighted quantities that follow
34、the SI convention are given where applicable. 3.1 -opic relating to the characteristics in non-visual photometry of the specified human photoreceptor and its opsin-based photopigment, denoted by Note 1 to entry: The symbol represents one of the five photopigments. can take one of five values, set ou
35、t in Table 1. See 3.1.1 to 3.1.5. Note 2 to entry: Based on 13. 3.1.1 S-photopic relating to S-photopsin, the human S-cone photopigment ( = “sp”) Note 1 to entry: S-photopsin is sometimes denoted as cyanopsin. In this report the term S-photopic is used to differ from other publications that are usin
36、g slightly different sensitivity functions and denoting this sensitivity by the word cyanopic. Note 2 to entry: The maximum of S-cone sensitivity is in the blue spectral region at 445 nm. S denotes maximum sensitivity at short wavelengths. Note 3 to entry: The function for S-photopic sensitivity is
37、based on the 10 cone fundamentals in CIE 1701:2006. PD CEN/TR 16791:2017CEN/TR 16791:2017 (E) 6 3.1.2 M-photopic relating to M-photopsin, the human M-cone photopigment ( = “mp”) Note 1 to entry: M-photopsin is sometimes denoted as chloropsin. In this report the term M-photopic is used to differ from
38、 other publications that are using slightly different sensitivity functions and denoting this sensitivity by the word chloropic. Note 2 to entry: The maximum of M-cone sensitivity is in the green spectral region at 540 nm. M denotes maximum sensitivity at medium wavelengths. Note 3 to entry: The fun
39、ction for M-photopic sensitivity is based on the 10 cone fundamentals in CIE 1701:2006. 3.1.3 L-photopic relating to L-photopsin, the human L-cone photopigment ( = “lp”) Note 1 to entry: L-photopsin is sometimes denoted as erythropsin. In this report the term L-photopic is used to differ from other
40、publications that are using slightly different sensitivity functions and denoting this sensitivity by the word erythropic. Note 2 to entry: The maximum of L-cone sensitivity is in the yellow-red spectral region at 570 nm. L denotes maximum sensitivity at long wavelengths. Note 3 to entry: The functi
41、on for L-photopic sensitivity is based on the 10 cone fundamentals in CIE 1701:2006. 3.1.4 scotopic relating to rhodopsin, the human rod photopigment ( = “rod”) Note 1 to entry: Scotopic is sometimes denoted as rhodopic. Please note that in 13 the spectral sensitivity for rods is denoted as “rhodopi
42、c”, but the values given there are not equivalent to CIE definitions for scotopic vision. This is the reason for use of “scotopic” in this document. Note 2 to entry: The sensitivity function used in this technical report as scotopic is identical to V(), the sensitivity function of the rods as define
43、d in CIE S010:2005 (ISO 23539). 3.1.5 melanopic relating to melanopsin, the photopigment contained in human ipRGC ( = “mel”) Note 1 to entry: The term usually indicates the photoreception of the ipRGCs that is driven by the photopigment melanopsin. The term “melanopic effects” can be used to denote
44、non-visual effects that are mediated by the intrinsic photosensitivity of melanopsin containing ipRGCs. Even though melanopsin containing retinal ganglion cells are present in many different species, the data published here is only valid for humans mainly because of the inherent ocular transmittance
45、 data. Note 2 to entry: The data used in this report for melanopic sensitivity is based on 13, but the sensitivity function has been normalized to a maximum that is equal to 1 at 490 nm. Note 3 to entry: The function for melanopic sensitivity is including the pre-receptoral filtering by the human oc
46、ular system for a reference observer at an age of 32 years. PD CEN/TR 16791:2017CEN/TR 16791:2017 (E) 7 3.2 -opic spectral efficiency (of monochromatic radiation of wavelength ) s() spectral sensitivity of one of the five human -opic photopigments to irradiance incident at the eyes outer surface of
47、a standard observer, normalized to the maximum of 1 Note 1 to entry: The unit of the -opic spectral efficiency is 1. Note 2 to entry: The spectral efficiency function s() is representing the relative spectral effectiveness of optical radiation to stimulate the -opic photopigment at wavelength in rel
48、ation to its maximum effectiveness at wavelength ,maxwhich is defined as 1 for each of the five -opic photopigments. Equivalent terms for spectral efficiency function are “action spectrum” or “spectral weighting function”. Note 3 to entry: The effectiveness of polychromatic radiation to stimulate th
49、e -opic photopigment is assessed by spectrally weighting the spectral power distribution of the polychromatic radiation by the spectral efficiency function as described in 3.3. 3.3 -opic radiant quantity spectral radiant quantity weighted with the -opic spectral efficiency defined by the formula ( ) ( ) = e, e,sdXX (1) where ( )e,X is the spectral radiant quantity; ( )s is the -opic spectral efficiency (of monochromatic radiation of wavelength ) as defined in 4.2.2, Table 2. Note 1 to entry: In g
