1、ISBN 3 900 734 44 5 CO MM ISS ION INTERNATIONALE DE LI CLAIRAG E INTERNATIONAL COM M ISS1 ON ON I LIU M I NATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOM MISSION SPECTRORADIOMETRY OF PULSED OPTICAL RADIATION SOURCES Publ. CIE 105 I st Edition 1993 UDC: 535.232.1 Descriptor: Spectral distribution of energy 535
2、.243 Cpectroradiometry 543.42 Spectrum analysis 681.7.069.2 Radiation source 681.785 Spectroradiometer COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 305 73 7006345 0004846 412 Publ. CIE 105- 1993 This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technica
3、l Committee 2-21 of Division 2 Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation and has been approved by the Board of Adminstration of the Commission internationale de JEclairage for study and application. The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lig
4、hting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE proceedings or CIE NEWS should be consulted regarding possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport
5、 technique a t prpar par le Comit Technique CIE 2-21 de la Division 2 Mesures physiques de la lumire et des radiations et a t approuv par le Bureau dAdministration de la Commission Internationale de IEclairage, pour tude et application. Le document traite des connaissances courantes et de lexprience
6、 dans le domaine spcifique indiqu de la lumire et de iclairage, et il est tabli pour lusage des membres de la CIE et autres groupements intresss. II faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non obligatoire. Pour connaitre dventuels amendements, consulter les plus rcents comptes rendus d
7、e la CIE ou le CIE NEWS. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom CIE-Technischen Komitee 2-21 der Division 2 Physikalische Messungen von Licht und Strahlung ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand der Commission Internationale de IEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wis
8、sens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Vewendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, da das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschriil ist. Die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte oder das CIE NEWS so
9、llten im Hinblick auf mgliche sptere hderungen zu Rate gezogen werden. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst evety care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dor
10、ganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport 21 la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Eizeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt be
11、i der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da diese nicht vollstndig sind. O CIE 1993 II COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 305 73 Bs 7006345 0004847 759 Publ. CIE 105 - 1993 FOREW
12、ORD The following members of TC 2-21 “Spectroradiometry of Pulsed Optical Radiation Sources“ took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The TC cornes under CIE Division 2 “Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation“. Kondo, H. Gavrilova, L. I. I) Goodman, T. M. *) Gundlach, D. 3, Lehman
13、, R. F. Lumenello, T. A. Moore, J. R. 4, Sauter, G Vitei, Y. 3j Wychorski, P. F. Japan (Chairman) CIS (then USSR) Great Britain Germany, Federal Republic USA USA Great Britain Germany, Federal Republic France USA 1) from April 1989 2) from September 1988 3) from September 1987 4) up to August 1988 I
14、II COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE LO5 93 900bL45 00048Y8 695 Publ. CIE 105 - 1993 CONTENTS Page FOREWORD CONTENTS SUMMARY RESUME ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 General 1.2 Differences between pulsed and continuous sources I .2.1 Mo
15、nochromator systems 1.2.2 Polychromator systems 1 .3.1 polychmrnator 1.3.2 aray detector 1.3.3 pixel 1.3.4 effective flash duration I .3.5 total flash duration 1.3.6 dynamic range 1.3.7 time resolved measurement i .3.8 time integrated measurement 1.3 Terminology 2. METHODS 2.1 Basic elements of an a
16、rray spectroradiometer system 2.1 .i Input optics 2.1.2 Polychromator 2.1.3 Array detector 2.1.4 Data acquisition 2.1.4.1 Sample and hold amplifiers (SIH amplifiers) 2.1.4.2 Analog-to-digital converters 2.2 Spectroradiometer characteristics 2.2.1 Entrance slit and detector spacing 2.2.2 Dynamic rang
17、e 2.3 Measurement of sources 3. MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY 3.1 Stray radiation 3.2 Wavelength calibration 3.3 Polarization error 3.4 Non-linearity 3.5 Dark current 111 IV VI VI VI 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 11 Il 11 12 12 12 4. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 13 COPYRIGHT International
18、 Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE LO5 93 118 9006145 0004BY 521 Publ. CIE 105 - 1993 5. APPENDIX: 15 An exampie of a practical measurement of the spectral distribution of the time integrated radiant energy of a single flash from a pulsed xenon fiash source 5.1 P
19、rinciples of the measurement 15 5.1 .i General 15 5.1.2 Reference to a non-pulsed standard 15 5.1.3 Madmising radiometric resolution 16 5.1.3.1 Continuous standard source 16 5.1.3.2 Pulsed sample source 16 5.2 Measurement procedure 17 5.3 Calculation of the results 18 18 18 5.3.1 Relatie spectral en
20、ergy distribution 5.3.2 Absolute spectral energy distribution 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 20 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 305 93 9006345 0004850 243 m Publ. CIE 105 - 1993 SPECTRORADIOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF PULSED OPTICAL RADIATION SUMMARY This te
21、chnical report describes principles of measurement for the determination of the spectral and temporal characteristics of pulsed optical radiation sources. It contains detailed information on the characteristics of the individual elements of the apparatus required for accurate and precise measurement
22、, a discussion on sources of error and a section on terminology, much of which is specific to this area of application. Finally, as an example of the application of the principles discussed, the details of a practical method of measuring the spectral energy distribution of a single flash from a puls
23、ed xenon flash source are described in an appendix. MESURE SPECTRORADIOMETRIQUE DU RAYONNEMENT OPTIQUE PULSE RESUM Ce rapport technique dcrit les principes de mesure pour la dtermination des caractristiques spectrales et temporelles des sources pulses de rayonnement optique. II contient une informa-
24、 tion detaille sur les caractristiques des diff6rents lments de lappareillage requis pour une mesure juste et prcise, une discussion sur les sources derreur et une partie sur la terminologie dont beaucoup est spcifique ce domaine dapplication. Dans lappendice, comme exemple pratique de la technique
25、prsente, une mthode est dcrite pour mesurer la distribution spectrale dune source non rptitive tube clairs au xnon . SPEKTRORADIOMETRISCHE MESSUNG GEPULSTER OPTISCHER STRAHLUNG ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Dieser technische Bericht beschreibt die Grundlagen der Messung zur Bestimmung spektraler und zeitabhngiger
26、 Eigenschaften gepulster optischer Strahlung. Er enthalt detaillierte Angaben ber die Merkmale der Teile einer Meapparatur, wie sie fr richtige und przise Messungen notwendig sind, er diskutiert Fehlerquellen und nennt die fur diese Anwendung spezifische Terminologie. Im Anhang wird als praktisches
27、Beispiel der vorher diskutierten Techniken eine Methode zur Messung der spektralen Strahlungsverteilung eines Einzel-Xenon-Blitzes angegeben. VI COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 105 93 9006345 000485L 1T W Pbl. CIE 105 - 1993 I. INTRODUC
28、TION 1.1 General Pulsed optical radiation is widely used in various fields and in various types of equipment including photographic electronic flash units, aircraft and emergency vehicle signal lighting, photocopiers, colorimeters, and pulsed luminous displays. As a consequence, an important need ha
29、s arisen for measurements of the spectral and, in many cases, also the temporal spectral characteristics of pulsed optical radiation with the result that there is now a demand for a guide to the accurate and precise measurement of such characteristics. The present technical report has been prepared
30、to fulfil this demand. It should be noted, however, that because this is an area of rapid change and evolution, particularly in the field of detector technology, any attempt at this point to deal with specific techniques would be of little value and would run the risk that much of the information pr
31、esented could be out of date by the time the report was published. Nevertheless, it was felt to be appropriate to include at least one example of an accepted measurement procedure. A description is, therefore, given of a specific method which has been found to be satisfactory for the measurement of
32、pulsed xenon flash tubes. This should not be taken to imply, however, that it is the only method that will give satisfactory results. In general, the report sets out to emphasise principles of measurement rather than to describe experimental techniques in detail. This report complements CIE PUBLICAT
33、ION No.63 (1 984) THE SPECTRORADIOME- TRIC MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT SOURCES i, which deals with the measurement of continuous (.e. non-pulsed) optical radiation. Many aspects of the apparatus and measurement techniques used are identical or very similar for both continuous and pulsed optical radiation a
34、nd these common aspects are mentioned only briefly in the present report. Readers requiring further detail are advised to refer to the above CIE publication. It should be noted that pulsed optical radiation can be produced by a variety of methods. For example: - - - - steady-state optical radiation
35、with a chopper steady-state optical radiation with an electrical on/off circuit e.g. flashing incandescent lamp or light emitting diode (LED), directional steady-state optical radiation rotating about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis, discharge in xenon or some other gas mixture producing s
36、ingle or repetitive pulsed optical radiation. NOTE: The coherence properties and narrow bandwidth of the radiation from pulsed lasers require a special measurement technique. Procedures for the measurement of the radiation from pulsed lasers are not, therefore, dealt with in the present report. In t
37、he case of a source producing single, or non-repetitive, pulses all necessary information (spectral and/or temporal) must be obtained within the single pulse. It is usual to employ a discrete detector amy. More options are available with repetitively pulsed sources. The spectral meas- urements can b
38、e made with either a discrete or a monolithic array, while the temporal measure- ments can be acquired by using a gated, micro-channel plate intensifier (so-called time slicing). The methods of measurement described in this report can, theoretically, be applied to all types of pulsed radiation sourc
39、e. However, for pulse durations less than about 1 O“ s, the detector frequency response (response time) must be extremely fast to follow the very rapid change in the intensity of radiation and the associated electronic circuitry must not affect the detector frequency response characteristics. With r
40、egard to the accurate and precise measurement of the spectral and/or temporal spectral characteristics of pulsed radiation sources, this technical report: COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE LO5 93 E 9006145 0004852 OLb Publ. CIE 105 - 1993
41、(I) explains principles of measurement, (2) gives information about the essentiai characteristics of the different instruments and components involved, (3) presents, as an example, a practical method which has been used successfully to measure the spectral characteristics, over a wavelength range fr
42、om near ultraviolet to near infrared, of incoherent pulsed xenon flash sources with an effective flash duration (see 1.3 Terminology) no greater than about I O0 ms. 1.2 Differences between pulsed and continuous sources Because the radiation from a pulsed source can have a very short duration, specia
43、l equipment may be required and special precautions may need to be taken. The following measurement techniques are offered as examples. 1.2.1 Monochromator systems Where a monochromator system is employed, it is necessary to make measurements of pulsed sources on a wavelength by wavelength basis. Th
44、is is because, in most cases, the radiant output from a pulsed source vanes very rapidly, increasing from O to 100% in a few tens of microseconds or even less, and, within such a short period of time, a monochromator cannot physically be scanned over more than an extremely narrow fraction of the spe
45、ctrum. During a single pulse, therefore, a measurement of a radiometric quantity (such as spectral radiance or irradiance) can in practice only be obtained for a single wavelength setting, so that to obtain the complete spectral power distribution it is necessary to operate the pulsed source repetit
46、ively, making measure- ments at a senes of discrete wavelength settings until the desired spectral range has been covered. The use of this wavelength by wavelength method requires a photodetector system with good long-term stability and a pulsed source with negligible short avd long term pulse-to-pu
47、lse variability. Modem photodetector systems can indeed be very stable provided they are chosen with care. The same cannot be said, however, for many of the pulsed sources currently found in science and industry. The short term pulse-to-pulse variability is likely to be 1% at best and the long term
48、variability, several per cent, even when a carefully designed power supply is used. In the case of commercially available pulsed sources, such as photographic electronic flash units, the short term flash-to-flash variability can be several per cent with long term variability correspondingly higher.
49、For this reason, the use of a stable monitor detector is recommended in order to check and compensate forthe variation in radiant output from flash to flash. No monitor, of course, can compensate if there are changes in the relative spectral power distribution of successive flashes. Ideally the spectral responsivity of the monitor detector should match the spectral responsivity of the measuring instrument. 1. 2.2 Polychromator systems If a pulsed radiation source is to be measured with an unce
