CIE 194-2011 ON SITE MEASUREMENT OF THE PHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF ROAD AND TUNNEL LIGHTING《道路和隧道照明光度性能的现场测量》.pdf

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1、ISBN 978 3 901906 92 3 ON SITE MEASUREMENT OF THE PHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF ROAD AND TUNNEL LIGHTING CIE 194:2011 UDC: 628.971.6 Descriptor: Street lighting (fixed) 628.971.6:624.19 Lighting of tunnels THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is

2、 an organisation devoted to international co-operation and exchange of information among its member countries on all matters relating to the art and science of lighting. Its membership consists of the National Committees in about 40 countries. The objectives of the CIE are: 1. To provide an internat

3、ional forum for the discussion of all matters relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of light and lighting and for the interchange of information in these fields between countries. 2. To develop basic standards and procedures of metrology in the fields of light and lighting. 3. To

4、 provide guidance in the application of principles and procedures in the development of international and national standards in the fields of light and lighting. 4. To prepare and publish standards, reports and other publications concerned with all matters relating to the science, technology and art

5、 in the fields of light and lighting. 5. To maintain liaison and technical interaction with other international organisations concerned with matters related to the science, technology, standardisation and art in the fields of light and lighting. The work of the CIE is carried on by seven Divisions e

6、ach with about 20 Technical Committees. This work covers subjects ranging from fundamental matters to all types of lighting applications. The standards and technical reports developed by these international Divisions of the CIE are accepted throughout the world. A plenary session is held every four

7、years at which the work of the Divisions and Technical Committees is reviewed, reported and plans are made for the future. The CIE is recognised as the authority on all aspects of light and lighting. As such it occupies an important position among international organisations. LA COMMISSION INTERNATI

8、ONALE DE LECLAIRAGE La Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) est une organisation qui se donne pour but la coopration internationale et lchange dinformations entre les Pays membres sur toutes les questions relatives lart et la science de lclairage. Elle est compose de Comits Nationaux reprse

9、ntant environ 40 pays. Les objectifs de la CIE sont : 1. De constituer un centre dtude international pour toute matire relevant de la science, de la technologie et de lart de la lumire et de lclairage et pour lchange entre pays dinformations dans ces domaines. 2. Dlaborer des normes et des mthodes d

10、e base pour la mtrologie dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 3. De donner des directives pour lapplication des principes et des mthodes dlaboration de normes internationales et nationales dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 4. De prparer et publier des normes, rapports et aut

11、res textes, concernant toutes matires relatives la science, la technologie et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 5. De maintenir une liaison et une collaboration technique avec les autres organisations internationales concernes par des sujets relatifs la science, la technologie, la

12、 normalisation et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. Les travaux de la CIE sont effectus par 7 Divisions, ayant chacune environ 20 Comits Techniques. Les sujets dtudes stendent des questions fondamentales, tous les types dapplications de lclairage. Les normes et les rapports techni

13、ques labors par ces Divisions Internationales de la CIE sont reconnus dans le monde entier. Tous les quatre ans, une Session plnire passe en revue le travail des Divisions et des Comits Techniques, en fait rapport et tablit les projets de travaux pour lavenir. La CIE est reconnue comme la plus haute

14、 autorit en ce qui concerne tous les aspects de la lumire et de lclairage. Elle occupe comme telle une position importante parmi les organisations internationales. DIE INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION Die Internationale Beleuchtungskommission (CIE) ist eine Organisation, die sich der internatio

15、nalen Zusammenarbeit und dem Austausch von Informationen zwischen ihren Mitgliedslndern bezglich der Kunst und Wissenschaft der Lichttechnik widmet. Die Mitgliedschaft besteht aus den Nationalen Komitees in rund 40 Lndern. Die Ziele der CIE sind : 1. Ein internationaler Mittelpunkt fr Diskussionen a

16、ller Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik und fr den Informationsaustausch auf diesen Gebieten zwischen den einzelnen Lndern zu sein. 2. Grundnormen und Verfahren der Messtechnik auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu entwickeln. 3. Richtlinien fr die Anwendung von

17、Prinzipien und Vorgngen in der Entwicklung internationaler und nationaler Normen auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu erstellen. 4. Normen, Berichte und andere Publikationen zu erstellen und zu verffentlichen, die alle Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik betreffe

18、n. 5. Liaison und technische Zusammenarbeit mit anderen internationalen Organisationen zu unterhalten, die mit Fragen der Wissenschaft, Technik, Normung und Kunst auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu tun haben. Die Arbeit der CIE wird in 7 Divisionen, jede mit etwa 20 Technischen Komitees, geleistet.

19、Diese Arbeit betrifft Gebiete mit grundlegendem Inhalt bis zu allen Arten der Lichtanwendung. Die Normen und Technischen Berichte, die von diesen international zusammengesetzten Divisionen ausgearbeitet werden, sind von der ganzen Welt anerkannt. Alle vier Jahre findet eine Session statt, in der die

20、 Arbeiten der Divisionen berprft, berichtet und neue Plne fr die Zukunft ausgearbeitet werden. Die CIE wird als hchste Autoritt fr alle Aspekte des Lichtes und der Beleuchtung angesehen. Auf diese Weise unterhlt sie eine bedeutende Stellung unter den internationalen Organisationen. Published by the

21、COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE CIE Central Bureau Kegelgasse 27, A-1030 Vienna, AUSTRIA Tel: +43(1)714 31 87 0, Fax: +43(1)714 31 87 18 e-mail: ciecbcie.co.at WWW: http:/www.cie.co.at/ CIE 2011 - All rights reserved ISBN 978 3 901906 92 3 ON SITE MEASUREMENT OF THE PHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF

22、 ROAD AND TUNNEL LIGHTING CIE 194:2011 UDC: 628.971.6 Descriptor: Street lighting (fixed) 628.971.6:624.19 Lighting of tunnels CIE 194:2011 This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 4-26 of Division 4 “Lighting and Signalling for Transport“ and has been approved by the Board

23、 of Administration of the Commission Internationale de lEclairage for study and application. The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be

24、 noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory. Ce rapport technique a t labor par le Comit Technique CIE 4-26 de la Division 4 “Eclairage et signalisation pour les transports“ et a t approuv par le Bureau de la Commission Internationale de lEclairage, pour tude et e

25、mploi. Le document expose les connaissances et lexprience actuelles dans le domaine particulier de la lumire et de lclairage dcrit ici. Il est destin tre utilis par les membres de la CIE et par tous les intresss. Il faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non obligatoire. Dieser Techni

26、sche Bericht ist vom Technischen Komitee CIE 4-26 der Division 4 “Beleuchtung und Signale fr den Verkehr“ ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand der Commission Internationale de lEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet

27、von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, dass das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every ca

28、re has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait

29、 tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, dass diese nicht vollstndig sind. CIE 2011 - All rights reserved I

30、I CIE 194:2011 The following members of TC 4-26 “Systems for Measurement of Photometric Quantities of Road Lighting Installations“ took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 4 “Lighting and Signalling for Transport”. Members: S. Almasi Hungary P. Blaser

31、 Switzerland (1991-2003) P. Blattner Switzerland (2005) A. Blochouse Belgium C. Brusque France (1994-2001) E. C. Burini Junior Brazil (2005) C. Chain France (2005) J.S. Dubuisson France G. Eslinger USA (1991-2003) J. Hozumi Japan H. Legillon France (1991-1994) I. Lewin USA (1992-2003) W. Riemenschne

32、ider = Switzerland (1991-2003) G. Rossi Italy (Chair) H.-J. Schmidt-Clausen Germany Advisors: A. Augdal Norway M.E. Keck USA S. Sakamoto Japan D. Schreuder Netherlands III CIE 194:2011 CONTENTS SUMMARY VI RESUME VI ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VII 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Preamble 1 1.2 The Need for On Site Photomet

33、ric Measurements of Road Lighting 1 1.3 Automatic Measurement Systems 3 1.4 Organisation of the Guide 4 2 DEFINITIONS 5 3 REVIEW OF ESSENTIAL PHOTOMETRIC QUANTITIES 21 3.1 The Physical Definition of a Quantity and its Measurements 21 3.2 The Measurable Photometric Quantities and Parameters to Adequa

34、tely Describe and Specify a Lighting System 21 3.3 Field Measurable Photometric Quantities to Adequately Describe and Specify a Lighted Environment 23 3.3.1 The Possibility of Introducing New Parameters 23 3.3.2 Partial Evaluation 25 3.3.3 Extended Uniformity 25 3.3.4 The Problem of Vehicle Translat

35、ion during Measurement 27 3.3.5 Symbols and Abbreviations 28 4 WEATHER AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES 28 5 MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY 29 5.1 Theory 29 5.1.1 Preliminary Considerations 29 5.1.2 Procedure for the Expression of Uncertainty 30 5.1.3 Modelling the Measurement Procedure 31 5.1.4 Input Qu

36、antities Measurement 32 5.1.5 Output Quantity Measurement 32 5.1.6 Determining Expanded Uncertainty 32 5.1.7 Reporting Uncertainty 33 5.2 Practical Considerations 34 6 MEASUREMENT OF ROAD LUMINANCE 37 6.1 Dynamic and Static Measurement Systems 37 6.2 The Imaging Luminance Measurement Device (ILMD) 3

37、8 6.2.1 Optical Theory of the ILMD 38 6.2.2 The Shutter Influence 39 6.2.3 Calibration Methodologies 41 6.3 Photometric Characterization of ILMD 43 6.3.1 Linearity and Acquisition Range 44 IV CIE 194:2011 6.3.2 Pixel Saturation in the Framed Field 45 6.3.3 Noise and Dark-Frame 46 6.3.4 Directional R

38、esponsivity and Detector Uniformity 49 6.3.5 Lens Focalization 49 6.3.6 Luminous Sources External to the Framed Environment 50 6.3.7 Ghost Images 51 6.3.8 Measurement Repeatability 51 6.4 Measurement Uncertainty 52 6.4.1 Sources of Uncertainty 52 6.4.2 Evaluation of Point Luminance Uncertainty 54 7

39、MEASUREMENT OF ROAD ILLUMINANCE 55 7.1 Measurement Methodologies 55 7.2 Measurement Geometry 57 7.2.1 Preliminary Considerations 57 7.2.2 Definition of Point Co-ordinates 61 7.2.3 Average Illuminance on a Finite Surface 61 7.3 System Requirements 66 7.3.1 Measurement of the Longitudinal Co-ordinate

40、66 7.3.2 Time Constants 67 7.3.3 Influence of Traffic 69 7.3.4 The Influence of the Headlamps of the Measuring Vehicle. 69 7.4 Trailer System 70 7.4.1 System Description 70 7.4.2 System Design Parameters 70 7.5 Split-Detector System 72 7.5.1 System Description 72 7.5.2 Detector Design and Directiona

41、l Responsivity Evaluation 72 7.5.2.1 The Nominal Directional Responsivity Curve 72 7.5.2.2 The Real Directional Responsivity Curve 74 7.5.2.3 Other Sources of Uncertainty 77 7.5.3 Detector Calibration 78 7.5.4 Evaluation of the Total Illuminance Value 78 7.6 Measurement Uncertainty 80 8 REFERENCES 8

42、2 V CIE 194:2011 ON SITE MEASUREMENT OF THE PHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF ROAD AND TUNNEL LIGHTING SUMMARY This Technical Report gives the information which designers and users of automatic systems intended to measure the photometric properties of road and tunnel lighting systems need in order to unders

43、tand the performance of such systems. The main aim of this guide is to clearly define and describe the technical limitations and characteristics of these measurement systems. In this way the advantages and disadvantages of the technical solutions adopted in different systems can be assessed. Their m

44、easurement uncertainty can be evaluated and discrepancies understood when the measurement results are compared with those obtained by manual systems or by theoretical evaluations from mathematical algorithms and/or computer simulations. The guide concentrates on systems that measure horizontal illum

45、inance and luminance on road surfaces, but much of the guidance is relevant to other quantities and measurement conditions, too. The guide is divided into two parts: Review of essential photometric quantities where differences between their physical or normative definition, their mathematical evalua

46、tion and their measurable approximation are highlighted (Clause 2 and Clause 3); Review of the types and characteristics of instruments, the conditions and methodologies of measurements, the evaluation of uncertainty in measurement results and data elaboration (Clause 5, Clause 6 and Clause 7). SYST

47、EMES DE MESURES SUR SITE DES PROPRIETES PHOTOMETRIQUES DES INSTALLATIONS DECLAIRAGE DES ROUTES ET TUNNELS RESUME Ce rapport technique apporte linformation ncessaire aux concepteurs et utilisateurs des outils de mtrologie dynamique pour la mesure des proprits photomtriques des installations dclairage

48、 des routes et tunnels. Le principal objectif de ce guide est de dfinir prcisment et de dcrire les limites techniques et les caractristiques de ces outils de mesures. Ainsi, les avantages et inconvnients des solutions techniques adoptes par les diffrents systmes de mesures peuvent tre valus. Leur(s)

49、 incertitudes sur les mesures peut(vent) tre values; les carts avec les mesures statiques ou les valuations thoriques issues des algorithmes mathmatiques et/ou les outils de simulation sur ordinateur peuvent galement tre comprises. Le guide se limite aux instruments de mesures des clairements horizontaux et des luminances sur la chausse, mais une grande partie des informations peut sappliquer aussi dautres grande

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