CIE 214-2014 Effect of Instrumental Bandpass Function and Measurement Interval on Spectral Quantities.pdf

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1、 TECHNICAL REPORT Effect of Instrumental Bandpass Function and Measurement Interval on Spectral Quantities CIE 214:2014 UDC: 535.24 Descriptor: Photometry 535.243 Spectrophotometry ISBN 978-3-902842-53-4 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION The International Commission on Illumination (CIE)

2、is an organization devoted to international co-operation and exchange of information among its member countries on all matters relating to the art and science of lighting. Its membership consists of the National Committees in about 40 countries. The objectives of the CIE are: 1. To provide an intern

3、ational forum for the discussion of all matters relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of light and lighting and for the interchange of information in these fields between countries. 2. To develop basic standards and procedures of metrology in the fields of light and lighting. 3.

4、To provide guidance in the application of principles and procedures in the development of international and national standards in the fields of light and lighting. 4. To prepare and publish standards, reports and other publications concerned with all matters relating to the science, technology and a

5、rt in the fields of light and lighting. 5. To maintain liaison and technical interaction with other international organizations concerned with matters related to the science, technology, standardization and art in the fields of light and lighting. The work of the CIE is carried out by Technical Comm

6、ittees, organized in seven Divisions. This work covers subjects ranging from fundamental matters to all types of lighting applications. The standards and technical reports developed by these international Divisions of the CIE are accepted throughout the world. A plenary session is held every four ye

7、ars at which the work of the Divisions and Technical Committees is reported and reviewed, and plans are made for the future. The CIE is recognized as the authority on all aspects of light and lighting. As such it occupies an important position among international organizations. LA COMMISSION INTERNA

8、TIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE La Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) est une organisation qui se donne pour but la coopration internationale et lchange dinformations entre les Pays membres sur toutes les questions relatives lart et la science de lclairage. Elle est compose de Comits Nationaux repr

9、sentant environ 40 pays. Les objectifs de la CIE sont : 1. De constituer un centre dtude international pour toute matire relevant de la science, de la technologie et de lart de la lumire et de lclairage et pour lchange entre pays dinformations dans ces domaines. 2. Dlaborer des normes et des mthodes

10、 de base pour la mtrologie dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 3. De donner des directives pour lapplication des principes et des mthodes dlaboration de normes internationales et nationales dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 4. De prparer et publier des normes, rapports et a

11、utres textes, concernant toutes matires relatives la science, la technologie et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 5. De maintenir une liaison et une collaboration technique avec les autres organisations internationales concernes par des sujets relatifs la science, la technologie,

12、la normalisation et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. Les travaux de la CIE sont effectus par Comits Techniques, organiss en sept Divisions. Les sujets dtudes stendent des questions fondamentales, tous les types dapplications de lclairage. Les normes et les rapports techniques lab

13、ors par ces Divisions Internationales de la CIE sont reconnus dans le monde entier. Tous les quatre ans, une Session plnire passe en revue le travail des Divisions et des Comits Techniques, en fait rapport et tablit les projets de travaux pour lavenir. La CIE est reconnue comme la plus haute autorit

14、 en ce qui concerne tous les aspects de la lumire et de lclairage. Elle occupe comme telle une position importante parmi les organisations internationales. DIE INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION Die Internationale Beleuchtungskommission (CIE) ist eine Organisation, die sich der internationalen Zu

15、sammenarbeit und dem Austausch von Informationen zwischen ihren Mitgliedslndern bezglich der Kunst und Wissenschaft der Lichttechnik widmet. Die Mitgliedschaft besteht aus den Nationalen Komitees in rund 40 Lndern. Die Ziele der CIE sind: 1. Ein internationales Forum fr Diskussionen aller Fragen auf

16、 dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik und fr den Informationsaustausch auf diesen Gebieten zwischen den einzelnen Lndern zu sein. 2. Grundnormen und Verfahren der Messtechnik auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu entwickeln. 3. Richtlinien fr die Anwendung von Prinzipien und

17、Vorgngen in der Entwicklung internationaler und nationaler Normen auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu erstellen. 4. Normen, Berichte und andere Publikationen zu erstellen und zu verffentlichen, die alle Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik betreffen. 5. Liaison u

18、nd technische Zusammenarbeit mit anderen internationalen Organisationen zu unterhalten, die mit Fragen der Wissenschaft, Technik, Normung und Kunst auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu tun haben. Die Arbeit der CIE wird durch Technische Komitees geleistet, die in sieben Divisionen organisiert sind. Di

19、ese Arbeit betrifft Gebiete mit grundlegendem Inhalt bis zu allen Arten der Lichtanwendung. Die Normen und Technischen Berichte, die von diesen international zusammengesetzten Divisionen ausgearbeitet werden, sind auf der ganzen Welt anerkannt. Alle vier Jahre findet eine Session statt, in der die A

20、rbeiten der Divisionen berichtet und berprft werden, sowie neue Plne fr die Zukunft ausgearbeitet werden. Die CIE wird als hchste Autoritt fr alle Aspekte des Lichtes und der Beleuchtung angesehen. Auf diese Weise unterhlt sie eine bedeutende Stellung unter den internationalen Organisationen. Publis

21、hed by the COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE CIE Central Bureau Babenbergerstrasse 9, A-1010 Vienna, AUSTRIA Tel: +43(1)714 31 87 e-mail: ciecbcie.co.at www.cie.co.at CIE 2014 - All rights reserved TECHNICAL REPORT Effect of Instrumental Bandpass Function and Measurement Interval on Spectral Q

22、uantities CIE 214:2014 UDC: 535.24 Descriptor: Photometry 535.243 Spectrophotometry ISBN 978-3-902842-53-4 CIE 214:2014 II This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 2-60 of Division 2 “Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation” and has been approved by the Board of Adminis

23、tration as well as by Division 2 of the Commission Internationale de lEclairage for study and application. The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties

24、. It should be noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory. Ce rapport technique a t labor par le Comit Technique CIE 2-60 de la Division 2 “Mesures Physiques de la Lumire et des Radiations“ et a t approuv par le Bureau et Division 2 de la Commission Internationale

25、 de lEclairage, pour tude et emploi. Le document expose les connaissances et lexprience actuelles dans le domaine particulier de la lumire et de lclairage dcrit ici. Il est destin tre utilis par les membres de la CIE et par tous les intresss. Il faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et

26、non obligatoire. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom Technischen Komitee CIE 2-60 der Division 2 “Physikalische Messungen von Licht und Strahlung“ ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand sowie Division 2 der Commission Internationale de lEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen St

27、and des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, dass das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Any mention of organizations or product

28、s does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport la compilation de tous les do

29、cuments jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, besteht die Mglichkeit, d

30、ass diese nicht vollstndig sind. CIE 2014 - All rights reserved CIE 214:2014 III The following members of TC 2-60, “Effect of Instrumental Bandpass Function and Measurement Interval on Spectral Quantities” took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 2 “P

31、hysical Measurement of Light and Radiation”. Authors: Gardner, J. Australia (Chair from 2013) Woolliams, E. United Kingdom (Chair until 2013) Baribeau, R. Canada Bergen, T. Australia Bialek, A. United Kingdom Carter, E. USA Cox, M. United Kingdom Goodman, T. United Kingdom Krueger, U. Germany Li, C.

32、 China Nevas, S. Germany Ohno, Y. USA Saito, T. Japan Young, R. Germany Zong, Y. USA Zwinkels, J. Canada Advisors: Grlich, S. Germany Heidel, G. Germany Hirschler, R. Hungary Sieberhagen, R. South Africa Sperfeld, P. Germany CIE 214:2014 IV CONTENTS Summary . VII Rsum . VII Zusammenfassung . VII 1 I

33、ntroduction 1 1.1 Objectives . 1 1.2 Scope 1 2 Terminology . 1 2.1 References for terminology 1 2.2 Instrumentation . 1 2.2.1 Spectrometer . 2 2.2.2 Spectroradiometer . 2 2.2.3 Spectrophotometer 2 2.2.4 Monochromator . 2 2.2.5 Array spectrometer 3 2.3 Instrumental passband and instrumental bandpass

34、3 2.3.1 Bandpass function . 3 2.3.2 Bandwidth, passband, full-width at half maximum 4 2.3.3 Reciprocal linear dispersion and slit width . 4 2.3.4 Spectrometer resolution . 5 2.4 Instrumental wavelength accuracy . 5 2.4.1 Nominal wavelength (of measurement) 5 2.4.2 Centroid wavelength 5 2.4.3 Wavelen

35、gth error . 5 2.5 Stray light 5 2.6 Measurement interval 6 2.7 Mathematical descriptions and symbols . 6 2.7.1 Measurand, measurement and measured values . 6 2.7.2 Symbols used in formulae in this report . 7 3 A practical introduction to bandwidth correction 8 3.1 Spectrometers for spectral measurem

36、ents . 8 3.1.1 Introduction . 8 3.1.2 Calibration . 8 3.1.3 Measurement geometry . 8 3.1.4 Bandwidth in a grating-based device . 9 3.2 The effect of bandwidth on spectral measurements . 9 3.3 The effect of measurement interval for line sources . 10 3.4 Determining the instrumental bandpass function

37、10 3.5 Applying a bandwidth correction 11 3.5.1 Step 1: Determine the bandpass function and its moments 11 3.5.2 Step 2: Determine the correction coefficients . 12 3.5.3 Step 3: Calculate the correction . 12 3.5.4 Step 4: Test the correction 14 3.5.5 Simplification for triangular bandpass functions

38、. 14 3.6 Limits to bandwidth correction for noise-free measurements 14 3.7 Limits to bandwidth correction in the presence of measurement noise . 15 CIE 214:2014 V 3.8 Implication of bandwidth correction for the calculation of integrated quantities 16 3.9 When should bandwidth correction be applied a

39、nd when not? . 16 3.10 Evaluating uncertainties for measurements with bandwidth correction . 17 3.11 Details covered in following clauses 17 4 Other related effects . 17 4.1 Measurement interval 17 4.2 Stray light 18 4.3 Wavelength scale error 20 5 Origin of bandwidth 22 5.1 The grating equation . 2

40、2 5.2 Origin of the bandpass function . 23 6 Determining the bandpass function . 24 6.1 Filling the entrance slit of the spectrometer . 25 6.2 Monochromatic sources . 25 6.3 Highest accuracy measurement . 26 6.4 Specifics for scanning instruments 26 6.5 Specifics for multi-channel spectrometers . 26

41、 6.6 Spectral range used and creating zeros . 27 6.7 Determining the bandpass function of an array spectrometer using a model 27 7 Effect of instrumental bandpass on spectral measurements 29 7.1 Effect of spectrum being measured on measurement results . 29 7.1.1 No change for linear functions . 29 7

42、.1.2 Peaks are broadened and shortened . 30 7.1.3 Troughs are made shallower and broader 30 7.1.4 Effect of asymmetrical bandpass functions 31 7.1.5 Real bandpass functions . 32 7.2 Effect of the bandpass function on the calibration of a spectrometer . 32 7.2.1 Calibration of test artefact against r

43、eference artefact calibrated for the same quantity 33 7.2.2 Calibration of test artefact against reference artefact calibrated for a different quantity 34 7.3 When bandpass can be ignored 34 8 Convolution and sampling theory 34 8.1 Fourier transforms . 34 8.2 Convolution . 38 8.3 Integrated recordin

44、g vs point recording . 38 8.4 Sampling . 39 8.5 Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem 40 9 Theoretical limits to correction 41 9.1 Influence of bandwidth 42 9.2 Influence of sampling 43 9.3 Effectiveness of the weighted-mean correction 44 9.4 Bandpass functions that are non-symmetric or non-triangular 46

45、 10 Effect of measurement interval and Instrumental bandpass on line source measurements 47 CIE 214:2014 VI 11 Developing a correction approach 50 11.1 Possible types of correction approach . 50 11.2 Historical development 51 11.2.1 Stearns-and-Stearns approach 51 11.2.2 Non-triangular bandpass func

46、tions 52 11.2.3 ASTM E-308: correcting weights rather than measurements 52 11.3 Derivation of the differential operator correction 53 11.4 Direct vs indirect bandpass function 56 11.5 Perfect triangular bandpass functions 56 12 When should weighted-mean bandwidth correction be applied? 57 13 Effect

47、of bandpass and its correction on integrated quantities 60 13.1 Integrated quantities 60 13.2 Calculating integrated quantities from measured data . 61 13.3 Bandpass and integrated quantities . 62 13.4 Noise and integrated quantities . 62 14 Uncertainty . 63 14.1 The determination of the bandpass fu

48、nction 63 14.2 Uncertainties associated with the measurement data 64 14.3 Accuracy of correction algorithm . 64 15 Experimental examples 64 15.1 Irradiance of deuterium lamp calibrated against a blackbody . 64 15.2 Monochromator measurements of filtered source 66 15.3 Correlated colour temperature o

49、f a white LED . 66 15.3.1 Step 1: Determine the instrument bandpass 67 15.3.2 Step 2: Calculate the correction coefficients . 67 15.3.3 Step 3: Measure the LED 68 15.3.4 Step 4: Apply the correction 68 15.3.5 Effect of smaller derivative interval 69 16 Determining the bandpass function . 70 16.1 Common spectral lines 70 16.2 Determining contamination due to overlapping peaks 71 17 Conclusions 73 18 References . 74 CIE 214:2014 VII EFFECT OF INSTRUM

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