1、 _ CIE 83 9 W 9006145 0003916 079 W ISBN 3 900 734 20 8 COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIRAGE I NTER NATI O N AL C O M M ISS I ON O N I LLU M I NATI ON INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION GUIDE FOR THE LIGHTING OF SPORTS EVENTS FOR COLOUR TELEVISION AND FILM SYSTEMS Publ. No CIE 83 2nd Edition 19
2、89 UDC: 621.397.132 Descriptors: Colour television 628.971 .7: 725.826 628.977.7: 725.852 Lighting of stadiums Lighting of sports halls 9006345 0003937 TO5 This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 5-05 of Division 5 Exterior and other lighting applications and has been appr
3、oved by the Council of the Commission Internationale de IEclairage for study and application. The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should b
4、e noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE Proceedings or CIE NEWS, or publication listings should be consulted regarding possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport technique a t prpar par le Comit Technique CIE 5-05 de ia Division 5 Eclairage ex
5、trieur et autres applications et a t approuv par le Conseil de ia Commission Internationale de Ifhlairage, pour tude et application. Le document traite des connaissances courantes et de lexprience dans le domaine spcifique indiqu de la lumire et de lclairage, et il est tabli pour lusage des membres
6、de la CIE et autres groupements intresss. II faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non obligatoire. Pour connaitre dventuels amendements, consulter les plus rcents comptes rendus, CIE NEWS ou liste des publications de la CIE. DieserTechnische Bericht ist vom CIE-Technischen Komitee 5
7、-05 der Division 5 Aussenbeieuchtung und andere Lichtanwendungen ausgearbeitet und vom Rat der Commission Internationale de IEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Verwendu
8、ng durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, da das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte, das CIE NEWS oder die Publikationsliste sollten im Hinblick auf mgliche sptere nderungen zu Rate gezogen werd
9、en. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr l
10、e soin apport la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung
11、angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da diese nicht vollstndig sind. O CIE 1989 CIE 83 89 9006345 0003738 943 I iii The following members of TC 5-05 took this Guide. The Committee comes under C.-H. ZieseniB, Chairman W.J.M. van Bommel R.A. Hargroves J. Horvath A. Kaufmann T. Lemons C. Potter R. Schnor E
12、. Wittwer Consultants: L. Grambow A. Stockmar part in the preparation of CIE Division 5. Germany, Federal Republic Netherlands Great Britain Hungary Germany, Federal Republic United States of America Great Britain German Democratic Republic Switzerland German Democratic Republic Germany, Federal Rep
13、ublic _ CIE 83 89 I 9006345 0003939 888 I iv 1 TeleVision and Film Techniques 1.1. Colour Pictures 1.1.1 Quality of the Picture 1.1.2 Picture Shooting Possibilities 1.1.3 Ancillary Requirements 1.2. CTV Cameras 1.3. Film Cameras 2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2
14、.9 2.10. 3 4 5. 1 Requirements for Lighting 6 Vertical Illuminance E, 6 Level of Vertical illuminance 8 Speed of Action 8 Shooting Distance and Lens Angle 8 Classes of Sport 9 Economics Versus Quality 10 Uniformity of Vertical illuminance 10 Uniformity on Planes Facing a Side-Line or a Fixed Main Ca
15、mera Position 10 Uniformity on Vertical Planes at a Grid Point 10 Relation between Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance 11 Uniformity of Horizontal Illuminance 11 Reduction of Flicker 11 Colour-Temperature of the Lighting 11 Colour-Rendering of the Lighting 12 Light Level on Surrounding SpectatorsAre
16、as 12 Glare 12 Sources of Light for CTV Broadcasting Special Requirements for Indoor Installations Bibliography 13 14 14 CIE 83 87 7006345 0003920 5TT V GUIDE FOR THE LIGHTING OF SPORTS EVENTS FOR COLOUR TELEVISION AND FILM SYSTEMS (2nd edition) SUMMARY The present Guide is an extended and revised e
17、dition of Publication CIE No. 28 “The lighting of sports events for colour N broadcasting“ (1 975). The Guide summarises televislon and film techniques with regard to their influencing and determining the lighting needs. Detailed quantitative guidance is given on the quality aspects to be fulfilled
18、for colour television and colour film coverage of a wide variety of sports events. The quality aspects dealt with are: vertical illuminance level and uniformity, relation between horizontal and vertical illuminance, uniformity of horizontal illuminance, flicker, colour temperature and colour renderi
19、ng of the lighting and finally light level on the surrounding spectators areas. As an addition to the present Guide, TC 5-11 is preparing a Technical Report giving a comprehensive guide to the lay-out of sports lighting installations that fulfil the quality requirements specified in the present Publ
20、ication 83. GUIDE DE LECLAIRAGE DES MANIFESTATIONS SPORTIVES POUR LES PRISES DE VUE EN COULEURS POUR LA TELEVISION ET CINEMA (2bme Edition) RESUME Le guide actuel est une dition tendue et rvise de la publication CIE Publ. No. 28 - “Eclairage des manifestations sportives pour la transmission tlvise e
21、n couleurs“ (1 975). Ce guide fait le bilan des techniques cinmatographiques et tlvisuelles dans la mesure O elles exercent une influence dterminante pour les besoins en clairage. Des recommandations quantitatives dtailles sont donnes sur les critres de qualit ncessaires pour couvrir par la tlvision
22、 et le film en couleurs une large gamme de manifestations sportives. Les critres de qualit considrs sont relatifs aux paramtres suivants: niveau et uniformit des clairements verticaux, rapport entre iclairement horizontal et lclairement vertical, uniformit dclairement horizontal, scintillement, temp
23、rature de couleur et rendu de couleur de lclairage, et finalement, niveau dclairment sur les zones de spectateurs autour des terrains. En complment du prsent guide, le TC 5-11 prpare un rapport technique qui sera un guide exhaustif pour la dtermination des installations dclairage dquipements sportif
24、s remplissant les exigences de qualit spcifies dans ia prsente publication 83. EMPFEHLUNG FR DIE BELEUCHTUNG VON SPORTSTATTEN FR FARBFERNSEH- UND FILM AUFNAHMEN (2. Auflage) ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der vorliegende Bericht ist eine erweiterte und berarbeitete Ausgabe der CIE Publikation Nr. 28 “Die Beleuchtu
25、ng von Sportsttten fr Farbfernsehaufnahmen“ (1 975). In dem Bericht sind die Forderungen an die Beleuchtung soweit behandelt, wie sie einen Einflu auf die Fernseh- und Filmaufnahmetechnik haben. Fr die Beleuchtung werden detaillierte quantitative Empfehlungen fr eine Vielzahl von Sportarten gegeben,
26、 die gewhrleisten, da8 gute Farbfernseh- und Farbfilmaufnahmen gemacht werden knnen. Die folgenden Gesichtspunkte werden behandelt: Hhe der Vertikalbeieuchtungsstrke, Gleichmigkeit der Horizontalbeleuchtungsstrke, Fiimmererscheinungen, Farbtemperatur und Farbwiedergabeeigenschaft der Beleuchtung und
27、 schlielich die erforderliche Beleuchtungsstrke fr die das Sprotfeld umgebenden Zuschauerbereiche. Als Ergnzung hierzu bearbeitet das TC 5-1 1 einen Technischen Bericht, der die Planung von Sportsttten-Beieuchtungsanlagen umfassend behandelt. Dieser ergnzende Technische Bericht bercksichtigt die For
28、derungen an die Gte der Beleuchtung, wie sie in dem vorliegenden Bericht Nr. 83. behandelt wurden. CIE 83 89 9006345 0003923 43b m 1 1 Television and Film Techniques The recording, transmission and reproduction of sporting action has expanded rapidly in recent years. The number of different sports c
29、overed has increased and indeed many sports have in- creased in popularity as a result of TV exposure. To a greater extent, also, television and film are operating under artificial lighting: outdoor sports are being played in the evenings under floodlights and more indoor sports are attracting the a
30、ttention of television. The electronic television camera and associated video recording is now the principal medium of the cameraman. The use of film is confined mainly to specialised recording, perhaps of specific events, for editing into feature films. This report therefore, concentrates on the li
31、ghting requirements for colour television, but indicates where these requirements will differ for film recordings. The aim of this report is to give a broad survey of the techni- cal characteristics of the television and film reproduction process and explain why different lighting levels are needed
32、for different sports and for different camera situations. Uniformities, colour rendering, glare and flicker are covered insofar as they apply to all televised sports generally. A detailed lighting design guide for installations for specific sports is being prepared by a new CIE Technical Committee (
33、TC 5- 11). This new guide will supplement the present recommendations by providing guidance on aspects such as suitable luminaires, lamps, mounting heights and positions, reduction of glare and spill light and on maintenance. 1.1 Colour Pictures Two aspects concerning the picture can be distinguishe
34、d: the technical quality of the picture itself and the ability of the cameraman, given the limitations of the lighting provided, to shoot pictures which make for good programme production. 1.1.1 Qualitv of the Picture A colour picture can only be said to be of good technical quality if the colour of
35、 the picture gives a realistic impres- sion of the actual scene. The technical quality of a television or film picture is as- sessed by a judgement of four main elements. They all have an impact on the overall result and should be assessed collective- ly. They are: 1. Exposure 2. Resolution 3. Colou
36、r rendering 4. Other considerations CIE 83 89 90061i45 0003922 372 2 pxposure - Optimum exposure results in a correctly graded output from the camera between black and white whilst producing the lowest mmnoisemm achievable by the electronic camera or, in film, the least effect of grain for the films
37、tock being used. The exposure is initially dependent on the amount of light entering the camera, but in low light conditions increasing electronic gain (or forced development for film) will possibly correct exposure, but can only be effective at the cost of increasing electronic noise or visible pho
38、tographic grain. Resolution - This is largely a function of the electronic design (or filmstock specification) although it can be adversely af- fected by changes in electronic gain and photographic development mentioned above. Colour renderinq - Again this is mostly dependent on camera design and fi
39、lmstock specification. However, the results will be modified by the choice of light source, intermediate filters and maladjustments of electronic controls. The colour temperature of the light should generally be between 3000 K and 6500 K. It is also desirable that the spectral energy distribution sh
40、ould be as smooth as possible. In this regard incandescent sources are ideal but some discharge sources (particularly the metal halide type) are also satisfactory. The colour rendering of the lighting is specified in section 2.8. Other considerations - There are a number of other factors which may a
41、dversely affect the television picture: - general vmlaggingm* of objects moving relative to the camera e.g. mtcomet-tailingmm of highlights - Lens flare reduces contrast and is usually due to light falling directly onto the lens which is then interreflected between optical elements in the camera. Th
42、e requirements for satisfactory lighting for television also include the question of the direction of the light and the camera relative to subject. 1.1.2 Picture Shootinq Possibilities Even when the factors mentioned in the previous section have been satisfied, there are others related to the camera
43、 handling techniques for individual sports which affect picture quality. In general, it is more difficult to achieve good quality pic- tures : - With increase in speed of action across the field of view - With decrease in apparent size of the ball or other vital - With decrease in contrast of the ob
44、ject against its back- (apparent speed) . object . ground. The apparent speed of the object is higher for movements across the direction of view than for movements along the direction of view. 3 In order to enable the cameraman to follow the object when high apparent speeds are involved, higher ligh
45、t levels are required. Where the action moves rapidly along the direction of view, the camera lens system must have a sufficiently large depth of field (i.e. range of distance within which objects stay in focus). This will necessitate a small lens aperture and consequently higher light levels are ag
46、ain needed to compensate. The apparent size of an object is dependent upon the distance from the object to the camera (pick-up distance) and the actual size of the object. If a telephoto (zoom) lens is used to in- crease the apparent size, then a higher light level is needed because the longer the f
47、ocal length of the zoom lens (i.e. the greater the magnification), the smaller the aperture generally has to be (e.g. the Irramp functionrr of a typical telephoto lens gives f2 for wide angle pictures, decreasing to f8 for narrow angle telephoto pictures). Range extender lenses (in combination with
48、zoom lenses) are also used with the same effect: smaller apertures at smaller picture angles or longer focal lengths. The question of achieving sufficient contrast between the playing object and its background is dealt with in section 2.9. The way in which lighting levels are recommended according t
49、o the type of sport, speed of action and shooting distance etc. is explained in section 2.2. 1.1.3 Ancillarv Requirements There are usually requirements for lighting in addition to those for the main sports coverage - the following are some examples: For installations handling multi-purpose events it may be desir- able to have a degree of flexibility of operation. (a) Choice of lighting levels available, say low level for normal use an
