1、CIE 98 92 9006145 0004598 478 ISBN 3 900 734 35 6 COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COM M ISSION ON ILLUM INATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION PERSONAL DOSIMETRY OF UV RADIATION Pub. No. CIE 98 1st Edition 1992 UDC: 61 2.014.481 -06 Descriptor: Optical radiation effects o
2、n humans - 614.898 experimental techniques Protection of the skin CIE 98 92 9006345 0004599 304 II This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 6-19 of Division 6 Photobiology and Photochemistry and has been approved by the Board of Adminstration of the Commission International
3、e de IEclairage for study and application. The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be noted, however, that the status of this document
4、is advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE proceedings or CIE NEWS should be consulted regarding possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport technique a t prpar par le Comit Technique CIE 6-19 de la Division 6 Photobiologie et Photochimie et a t approuv par le Bureau dAdministration de la Commissi
5、on Internationale de IEclairage, pour tude et application. Le document traite des connaissances courantes et de lexprience dans le domaine spcifique indiqu de la lumire et de lclairage, et il est tabli pour lusage des membres de la CIE et autres groupements intresss. II faut cependant noter que ce d
6、ocument est indicatif et non obligatoire. Pour connaitre dventuels amendements, consulter les plus rcents comptes rendus de la CIE ou le CIE NEWS. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom CIE-Technischen Komitee 6-1 9 der Division 6 Photobiologie und Photochemie ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand der Commissio
7、n Internationale de IEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, da da
8、s Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte oder das CIE NEWS sollten im Hinblick auf mgliche sptere nderungen zu Rate gezogen werden. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the com
9、pilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport A la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnu
10、ng von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da diese nicht vollstndig sind. O CIE 1992 CIE 98 92 W 9006145 0004600 95b = III Foreword Th
11、e following members of TC 6-19 “Personal Dosimetry of UV Radiation“ took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The TC comes under CIE Division 6 Photobiology and P hotochemisty . Prof.Dr. J. Barth Dr. B.L. Diffey Prof.Dr. Gertrud Keck Dipl.-Phys. P. Knuschke Dr. A. Kockott Dr. C.C.E. Meu
12、lemans Prof.Dr. F. Schrpl Dr. G.J. Smith Dr. C.F. Wong Germany (TC Chairman) Great Britain Austria Germany Germany Netherlands Germany New Zealand Australia CIE 98 92 .I 900b145 0004bOL 892 .I IV Personal Dosimetry of UV Radiation Summary Natural and artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can induce
13、 both beneficial and detrimental effects in man. Humans are exposed not only to natural UVR, but also may be exposed either intentionally or unintentionally to artificial UVR sources (tanning equipments, workplaces, etc.). Normally people do not maintain a fixed position with respect to the UVR sour
14、ce, and so measure- ments using a stationary detector can be of limited value. Consequently the exposure dose of radiation can best be determined by means of personal monitoring. A practicable personal dosimeter for UVR is a polysulphone film, which after exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the spe
15、ctral range 250 to 330 nm, shows an increase in absorbance at 330 nm. In evaluating actinic radiant exposure, the action spectrum of the photobiological effect under consideration, the spectral power distribution of the UVR source and the spectral response of the personal dosimeter have to be known.
16、 Detailed information on the practical use of polysulphone film is given, together with a description of other UV-sensitive materials that may be suitable for personal UVR dosimetry. Personendosimetrie von UV-Strahlung Zusammenfassung Natrliche und knstliche UVStrahlung kann sowohl gesundheitsfrdern
17、de als auch schdigende Wirkun- gen hervorrufen. Tglich ist der Mensch nicht nur der natrlichen UVStrahlung der Sonne ausgesetzt, sondern hufig auch - gewollt oder ungewollt - knstlichen UV-Quellen (Solarien, Arbeitspltze usw.). Gewhnlich befinden sich Personen, deren UV-Expositionen kontrolliert wer
18、den sollen, in stndig wechselnden Postitionen zur UV-Quelle. Stationre Messungen mit UV-Radiometern bringen nur begrenzte Aussagen ber die reelle Gre der Bestrahlungsdosis. In diesen Fllen ist die Bestrahlungsdosis am sinnvollsten durch UV-Personendosimeter zu ermitteln. Praktisch einsetzbar fr den
19、Bereich 250 bis 330 nm sind Personendosimeter mit Polysulphonfolien, die unter UV-Exposition einen Anstieg der Extinktion bei 330 nm zeigen. Zur Bestimmung der aktinischen Bestrahlungsdosis mssen das Wirkungsspektrum des betrachteten photobiologischen Effektes, die spektrale Strahldichteverteilung d
20、er UV-Strahlenquelle und die spektrale Empfindlichkeit der Personendo- simeter bekannt sein. Zur Anwendung von Polysulphonfolie-Dosimetern werden detaillierte Angaben gemacht. Weitere mgliche UV-sensible Materialien, die ebenfalls fr UV-Personendosimeter anwendbar wren, werden aufgelistet. Dosimtrie
21、 personnelle des radiations UV Rsum Les radiations ultraviolettes naturelles et artificielles (UVR) peuvent dterminer des effets aussi bien bnfiques que dltres chez lhomme. Les sujets sont exposs non seulement aux UVR naturels, mais peuvent galement tre exposs, soit intentionnellement, soit non inte
22、ntionnellement, des sources dUVR artificiels (solariums, travaux posts, etc.). Normalement, les sujets ne restent pas immobiles par rapport la source UVR, et par consquent, les mesures utilisant un dtecteur fixe ne sont que de valeur imite. Par consquent, les doses dexposition aux radiations peuvent
23、 tre plus prcisement values grce lutilisation de moniteurs personnels. Un dosimtre personnel utilisable pour IUVR est ralis par une feuille de polysulfone, qui, aprs exposition aux radiations ultraviolettes dans lintervalle spectral de 250 330 nm, prsente une augmenta- tion dabsorption 330 nm. Outre
24、 lexposition actinique radiante, le spectre daction de leffet photobiologique analys, la distribution nergtique spectrale de la source UVR, et la rponse spectrale doivent tre connus. Des informations dtailles sur lutilisation pratique des films polysulfone sont fournies, accompag- nes dune descripti
25、on dautres matriaux sensibles aux UVR qui peuvent tre adapts la dosimtrie personnelle des UVR. CIE 98 92 9006145 O004602 729 V ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS A A330 w-4 Eeff F 9 He Heff PSF S)rei s ) eii, rei S(.)ery,rei S) hd,rel To Texp t UV UVA UVR A4330 A Ac AO Al, A2 - optical absorbance, A = lo
26、g T - optical absorbance at 330 nm - spectral irradiance - actinic irradiance - equivalent dose of monochromatic radiation Ac, which would produce the same response in the dosimeter as the actual radiation exposure - weighting factor to transform F into He - radiant exposure, radiant dose - actinic
27、radiant exposure, actinic dose - polysulphone film - relative spectral response of the dosimeter - relative action spectrum of the observed biological effect - relative action spectrum of skin erythema - relative action spectrum of UV health damage of men also called UV hazard - transmittance at 330
28、 nm before UV exposure -transmittance at 330 nm after UV exposure - exposure time - ultra violet - UV, A = 31 5.400 nm - ultra violet radiation - alteration of optical absorbance at 330 nm AA = - log (Texp/To) - wavelength - wavelength at which the dosimeter has been calibrated -wavelength where the
29、 relative action spectrum is normalized to unity - wavelength interval of interest spectrum The additivity law of van Krefeld: The effects of single wavelength bands can be added to an overall effect, as far as the single effects turn out to be independent from each other - even if the blackening cu
30、rves (or dose reponse curves) for different wavebands are different. (This means at the same time that no conductive, .e. catalytic, or hindering, .e. antagonistic effects occur.) Bunsen-Roscoe Law: If the product of a reaction of a receiver depends only upon the number of absorbed photons, it is un
31、important whether the same amount of photons is absorbed within a shorter or a longer time interval. Therefore in many photochemical reactions the released effect depends on the defined spectral power distribution of the incident radiation and on the product of irradiance Ee and exposure time t; thi
32、s means it depends upon the radiant exposure He. CIE 98 92 I 9006345 0004603 665 I 1. 2. 2.1 2.2 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 5. 5.1 5.2 6. VI CONTENTS Foreword Summary Zusammenfassung Rsum Abbreviations and definitions Contents INTRODUCTION APPLICATIONS OF PERSONAL MONITORING TO UVR Intentional ex
33、posure Unintentional exposure PHOTOBIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF UV EXPOSURE UV-induced biological processes Determination of actinic radiation irradiance and radiant exposure UV radiation sources 3.3.1 Natural UV radiation 3.3.2 Artificial UV radiation PERSONAL MONITORING Personal monitoring task Personal
34、dosimeter 4.2.1 Personal dosimeter requirements 4.2.2 Personal UV dosimeters Polysulphone film dosimeter 4.3.1 Principle of use 4.3.2 Exposure of the personal dosimeter 4.3.3 Evaluation of the exposed personal dosimeters RESEARCH INTO PERSONAL UV MONITORING Application results of personal UV monitor
35、ing Development of routine personal monitoring 5.2.1 Further development of personal dosimeters 5.2.2 Personal UV monitoring as a routine procedure REFERENCES Page 111 IV IV IV V VI 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 14 CIE 98 92 9006345 0004604 5TL 9 1 1. INTRODUCTION Natural an
36、d artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can induce both beneficial and detrimental effects in humans. The severity of these effects depends not only on the quantity but also on the quality, or spectral distribution, of the incident radiation. Since many biological species, including man, do not mai
37、ntain a fixed position with respect to the UVR source, the exposure dose of radiation can best be determined by means of personal monitoring. This report summarizes the recommendations of CIE Division 6 (TC 6-19) for personal monitoring of exposure to UVR. 2. APPLICATIONS OF PERSONAL MONITORING TO U
38、VR The main areas of application for personal monitoring are in occupational medicine, particularly in the control of exposed workplaces (with respect to maximum permissible radiation exposure limits) and special problems in UV phototherapy, diagnosis and medical research (e.g. derma- tology, ophtha
39、lmology). Humans are exposed to UVR either intentionally or unintentionally. 2.1 Intentional exposure - - - - Sunbathing for relaxation and tanning. Cosmetic tanning with artificial sources of UVR. Medical therapy mainly in the treatment of skin diseases, particularly psoriasis (sources include both
40、 UV lamps and sun exposure in climatotherapy). Prophylactic UV exposure in certain UV-deprived groups e.g. housebound elderlies. 2.2 Unintentional exposure Outdoor occupations including agricultural workers, construction workers, fishermen, gardeners, oil field workers, road workers, police officers
41、, sailors, lifeguards, mountain guides and ski instructors. Industrial photoprocesses including electronics industry (photoresists), printing industry (UV drying) and plastics industry (photopolymerization). Germicidal applications including disinfection of sewage effluents, drinking water, air in o
42、perating theatres, water for the cosmetics industry and swimming pools. Electric arc welding. Leisure industry including discotheques and cosmetic tanning salons. Hospitals including staff working with phototherapy lamps and lamps used for photoder- matological and fluorescence diagnosis. Dentistry
43、including fluorescence diagnosis and UV curing of dental resins. Scientific laboratories, particularly for photophysics and photochemistry. Off ices including UV component of visible light emitting fluorescent lamps and desk top lamps incorporating tungsten halogen bulbs, and UV lamps used for signa
44、ture verification by fluorescence. 3. PHOTOBIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF UV EXPOSURE 3.1 UV-Induced biological processes Personal monitoring is normally carried out to determine the extent to which a subject has been exposed to UVR causing a particular photobiological response. These responses include: - UV
45、erythema; - pigmentation (immediate and delayed); - skin carcinogenesis; - cataract formation; CIE 98 92 I 9006345 0004605 438 2 - photokeratitis, photokonjunctivitis; - psoriasis treatment; - vitamin D synthesis; - bactericidal effects. Photobiological processes induced by UV radiation are characte
46、rized by a strong spectral dependence. Therefore, the respective action spectra should be considered in personal monitoring. Further information on action spectra 1, 2, 3, 51 and on the spectrum of UV health damage of men (hazard spectrum) based on these action spectra 4, 621 can be found in various
47、 reports. 3.2 Determination of actinic radiation irradiance and radlant exposure Various comprehensive papers are already available 5, 61 to determine the biological effec- tiveness of UV exposure. The biological effectiveness of the radiation is obtained by weighting the spectral irradiance accordi
48、ng to the appropriate function of wavelength and then integrating over all wavelengths for which the spectral content of the source is non-zero. The determination of this single quantity, the biological effective (actinic) irradiance, is often the goal of photobiological ultraviolet dosimetry. The a
49、ctinic irradiance (Eeff) may be expressed mathematically as: (3.1) where Ed: the actinic irradiance which can be thought of as equivalent to that ir- radiance of monochromatic radiation, where the relative action spectrum S(A)eff,rel of the observed biological effect is equal to unity; S(A)eff,rel: the action spectrum, .e. the relative effectiveness of the radiation at wave- length 1 in producing the desired biological effect normaliz
