1、 Reference numberISO 28077:2006(E)CIE S 019/E:2006ISO 2006INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO28077CIE S 019/EFirst edition2006-12-15Photocarcinogenesis action spectrum (non-melanoma skin cancers) Spectre daction de la photocancrogense (cancers de la peau hors mlanome) ISO 28077:2006(E) PDF disclaimer This PD
2、F file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein
3、 the responsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the P
4、DF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2006 All rights reserved
5、. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.
6、 ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2006 All rights reservedISO 28077:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved iiiForeword ISO (the International Organization for Stan
7、dardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right
8、 to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. ISO 28077 was p
9、repared as Standard CIE S 019/E by the International Commission on Illumination, which has been recognized by the ISO Council as an international standardizing body. It was adopted by ISO under a special procedure which requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodes casting a vote, and is pu
10、blished as a joint ISO/CIE edition. The International Commission on Illumination (abbreviated as CIE from its French title) is an organization devoted to international cooperation and exchange of information among its member countries on all matters relating to the science and art of lighting. ISO 2
11、8077 was prepared by CIE Technical Committee TC 6-32. CIE S 019/E:2006 Standard Photocarcinogenesis Action Spectrum (Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers) Spectre daction de la photocancrogense (cancers de la peau hors mlanome) Aktionsspektrum fr Photokarzinogenese (epitheliale Hautkrebse) CIE Standards are co
12、pyrighted and shall not be reproduced in any form, entirely or partly, without the explicit agreement of the CIE. CIE Central Bureau, Vienna CIE S 019/E:2006 Kegelgasse 27, A-1030 Vienna, Austria UDC: 612.014.481-06 Descriptor: Optical radiation effects on humans CIE 2006 All rights reserved ISO 200
13、6 All rights reserved vISO 28077:2006(E) CIE S 019/E:2006 CIE 2006 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing fro
14、m CIE Central Bureau at the address below. CIE Central Bureau Kegelgasse 27 A-1030 Vienna Austria Tel.: +43 1 714 3187 0 Fax: +43 1 714 3187 18 e-mail: ciecbping.at Web: www.cie.co.at CIE 2006 All rights reserved ISO 2006 All rights reservedvi ISO 28077:2006(E) CIE S 019/E:2006 FOREWORD Standards pr
15、oduced by the Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) are a concise documentation of data defining aspects of light and lighting, for which international harmony requires such unique definition. CIE Standards are therefore a primary source of internationally accepted and agreed data, which can
16、 be taken, essentially unaltered, into universal standard systems. This CIE Standard has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee TC 6-32*, which proposed an action spectrum describing the effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation at causing photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers, and was app
17、roved by the National Committees of the CIE. TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. SCOPE .1 3. NORMATIVE REFERENCES.1 4. DEFINITIONS, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS.1 4.1 Definition .1 4.2 Symbols and abbreviations.2 5. THE ACTION SPECTRUM FOR PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS OF NON-MELANOMA SKIN CANCE
18、RS.2 6. ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE): BIBLIOGRAPHY.7 CIE 2006 * The chairperson of this TC was Paul Donald Forbes (US); members were: Janusz Beer (US), Homer Black (US), Jean-Pierre Csarini (FR), Curtis Cole (US), Frank DeGruijl (NL), John Epstein (US), Anny Fourtanier (FR), Adle Green (AU), Ronald Ley (US
19、), Romano Mascotto (FR), Warwick Morison (US), Robert Osterberg (US), Frederick Urbach (US) =, Jan van der Leun (NL), and Antony Young (GB), with the following committee advisors: Ronald Davies (CA), John Davitt (US), Thomas Koval (US) and David Sliney (US). CIE 2006 All rights reserved ISO 2006 All
20、 rights reserved viiISO 28077:2006(E) CIE S 019/E:2006 PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS ACTION SPECTRUM (NON-MELANOMA SKIN CANCERS) 1. INTRODUCTION Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is recognized as a major cause of non-melanoma skin cancer in man. Skin cancer occurs most frequently in the most heavily exposed a
21、reas and correlates with degree of outdoor exposure. Describing the relationship of exposure (dose) to risk (skin cancer) requires the availability of a biological hazard function or action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis. This standard proposes the adoption of an action spectrum (weighting functio
22、n) derived from experimental laboratory data and modified to estimate the non-melanoma tumor response in human skin. The experimental data are sufficient for estimating effectiveness down to about 250 nm, but experimental data are not sufficient for specifying effectiveness above 400 nm. 2. SCOPE Th
23、is International Standard specifies the action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers. 3. NORMATIVE REFERENCES The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated reference
24、s, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. CIE 17.4-1987. International Lighting Vocabulary, ILV (joint IEC/CIE publication). CIE 90-1991. Sunscreen testing (UVB). CIE 98-1992. Personal dosimetry of UV radiation. CIE 103/3-1993. Reference action spectra for
25、ultraviolet induced erythema and pigmentation of different human skin (CIE Collection in Photobiology and Photochemistry). ISO 17166:1999/CIE S 007/E-1998. Erythema reference action spectrum and standard erythema dose. 4. DEFINITIONS, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS For the purposes of this standard, the
26、following definition, symbols and abbreviations apply. This definition is taken from CIE 17.4-1987, where other relevant terms will also be found. 4.1 Definition ultraviolet radiation (UVR) (see ILV 845-01-05) optical radiation for which the wavelengths are shorter than those for visible radiation N
27、ote - For ultraviolet radiation, the range between 100 nm and 400 nm is commonly subdivided into: UV-A 315 . 400 nm UV-B 280 . 315 nm UV-C 100 . 280 nm CIE 2006 All rights reserved ISO 2006 All rights reserved 1ISO 28077:2006(E) CIE S 019/E:2006 4.2 Symbols and abbreviations SCUP Skin Cancer Utrecht
28、-Philadelphia (an action spectrum proposed in de Gruijl, F.R. and van der Leun, J.C., 1994) SCUP-m designates the original SCUP action spectrum, based entirely on mouse data SCUP-h designates a proposed action spectrum estimated by correcting for differences in UV transmissions between human and mur
29、ine epidermis UV-A1 340 400 nm UV-A2 315 340 nm 5. THE ACTION SPECTRUM FOR PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS OF NON-MELANOMA SKIN CANCERS The effectiveness of UVR at causing photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers has been studied for many years (Roffo, 1933; Blum 1959; Freeman, 1978; Forbes et al., 1981
30、, 1982; Cole et al., 1983; Rundell, 1983; Epstein, 1985; Cole et al., 1986; Freeman et al., 1989; Berg et al., 1993; de Gruijl et al., 1993; de Gruijl and van der Leun, 1994; Anders et al., 1995; de Gruijl and Forbes, 1995; CIE, 2000). The action spectrum defined in this standard was first published
31、 by the CIE as the product of research by CIE Technical Committee 6-32. The document stated the following recognized limitations to this action spectrum (CIE, 2000): “The UV-A1 part (340-400 nm) of the SCUP action spectra has large margins of uncertainty (from 10-20% at 340 nm to an order of magnitu
32、de at 390 nm); the minimum at 350 nm and especially the secondary maximum at 380 nm are not well defined. Recent biochemical data do, however, indicate that action spectra for some types of DNA damage from reactive oxygen species, such as released by UV-A, show a minimum around 350 nm. Exploiting th
33、is as yet ill-defined fine structure in the UV-A1 region of the SCUP-h action spectrum (e.g., for optimizing commercial tanning lamps) would be unjustified. Because the Committee report should provide a standard for risk assessment in regulatory applications, its recommendation eliminates the uncert
34、ainty associated with the fine structure of the SCUP-h action spectrum. Committee consensus involved flattening the plateau at the 340 nm level. Mathematically, this results in the least available deterioration of the curve fit to the actual experimental data (the Chi-square of the fit goes up from
35、13,7 to 18,2 with 7 degrees of freedom).“1The action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis is based principally on experimental data from mice; comparable data are obviously not available from humans. The limits of this extrapolation are yet to be determined. Based on all these considerations, a standard
36、 action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis is provided in Table 1 and shown in Fig. 1. 1An action spectrum based on the Utrecht-Philadelphia collaboration bears the acronym “SCUP“ (for Skin Cancer Utrecht Philadelphia). “SCUP-m“ is the best fit to the mouse data, using a computer polynomial program. B
37、ased on SCUP-m, a SCUP-h action spectrum (“-h“ for human) was estimated by correcting for differences in UV transmissions between human and murine epidermis (de Gruijl, 1999). CIE 2006 All rights reserved ISO 2006 All rights reserved2 ISO 28077:2006(E) CIE S 019/E:2006 TABULATED AND GRAPHIC VALUES T
38、able 1. Action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis (Non-Melanoma skin cancer). Wavelength nm Effectiveness (decimal) Effectiveness (exponential) 250 0,010900 1,09000E-02 251 0,011139 1,11390E-02252 0,011383 1,13830E-02253 0,011633 1,16330E-02 254 0,011888 1,18880E-02255 0,012158 1,21580E-02256 0,012435
39、 1,24350E-02 257 0,012718 1,27180E-02258 0,013007 1,30070E-02259 0,013303 1,33030E-02 260 0,013605 1,36050E-02261 0,013915 1,39150E-02262 0,014231 1,42310E-02 263 0,014555 1,45550E-02264 0,014886 1,48860E-02265 0,015225 1,52250E-02 266 0,015571 1,55710E-02267 0,015925 1,59250E-02268 0,016287 1,62870
40、E-02 269 0,016658 1,66580E-02270 0,017037 1,70370E-02271 0,017424 1,74240E-02 272 0,017821 1,78210E-02273 0,018226 1,82260E-02274 0,018641 1,86410E-02 275 0,019065 1,90650E-02276 0,019498 1,94980E-02277 0,019942 1,99420E-02 278 0,020395 2,03950E-02279 0,020859 2,08590E-02280 0,021334 2,13340E-02 281
41、 0,025368 2,53680E-02282 0,030166 3,01660E-02283 0,035871 3,58710E-02 284 0,057388 5,73880E-02285 0,088044 8,80440E-02286 0,129670 1,29670E-01 287 0,183618 1,83618E-01288 0,250586 2,50586E-01289 0,330048 3,30048E-01 290 0,420338 4,20338E-01291 0,514138 5,14138E-01292 0,609954 6,09954E-01 293 0,70314
42、0 7,03140E-01 CIE 2006 All rights reserved ISO 2006 All rights reserved 3ISO 28077:2006(E) CIE S 019/E:2006 CIE 2006 All rights reserved ISO 2006 All rights reserved4ISO 28077:2006(E) CIE S 019/E:2006 Wavelength nm Effectiveness (decimal) Effectiveness (exponential) 294 0,788659 7,88659E-01 295 0,86
43、1948 8,61948E-01296 0,919650 9,19650E-01297 0,958965 9,58965E-01 298 0,988917 9,88917E-01299 1,000000 1,00000E+00300 0,991996 9,91996E-01 301 0,967660 9,67660E-01302 0,929095 9,29095E-01303 0,798410 7,98410E-01 304 0,677339 6,77339E-01305 0,567466 5,67466E-01306 0,470257 4,70257E-01 307 0,385911 3,8
44、5911E-01308 0,313889 3,13889E-01309 0,253391 2,53391E-01 310 0,203182 2,03182E-01311 0,162032 1,62032E-01312 0,128671 1,28671E-01 313 0,101794 1,01794E-01314 0,079247 7,92470E-02315 0,061659 6,16590E-02 316 0,047902 4,79020E-02317 0,037223 3,72230E-02318 0,028934 2,89340E-02 319 0,022529 2,25290E-02
45、320 0,017584 1,75840E-02321 0,013758 1,37580E-02 322 0,010804 1,08040E-02323 0,008525 8,52500E-03324 0,006756 6,75600E-03 325 0,005385 5,38500E-03326 0,004316 4,31600E-03327 0,003483 3,48300E-03 328 0,002830 2,83000E-03329 0,002316 2,31600E-03330 0,001911 1,91100E-03 331 0,001590 1,59000E-03332 0,00
46、1333 1,33300E-03333 0,001129 1,12900E-03 334 0,000964 9,64000E-04335 0,000810 8,10000E-04336 0,000688 6,88000E-04 337 0,000589 5,89000E-04338 0,000510 5,10000E-04339 0,000446 4,46000E-04 340 0,000394 3,94000E-04 CIE 2006 All rights reserved ISO 2006 All rights reserved 5ISO 28077:2006(E) CIE S 019/E
47、:2006 Wavelength nm Effectiveness (decimal) Effectiveness (exponential) 341 0,000394 3,94000E-04 342 0,000394 3,94000E-04343 0,000394 3,94000E-04344 0,000394 3,94000E-04 345 0,000394 3,94000E-04346 0,000394 3,94000E-04347 0,000394 3,94000E-04 348 0,000394 3,94000E-04349 0,000394 3,94000E-04350 0,000
48、394 3,94000E-04 351 0,000394 3,94000E-04352 0,000394 3,94000E-04353 0,000394 3,94000E-04 354 0,000394 3,94000E-04355 0,000394 3,94000E-04356 0,000394 3,94000E-04 357 0,000394 3,94000E-04358 0,000394 3,94000E-04359 0,000394 3,94000E-04 360 0,000394 3,94000E-04361 0,000394 3,94000E-04362 0,000394 3,94
49、000E-04 363 0,000394 3,94000E-04364 0,000394 3,94000E-04365 0,000394 3,94000E-04 366 0,000394 3,94000E-04367 0,000394 3,94000E-04368 0,000394 3,94000E-04 369 0,000394 3,94000E-04370 0,000394 3,94000E-04371 0,000394 3,94000E-04 372 0,000394 3,94000E-04373 0,000394 3,94000E-04374 0,000394 3,94000E-04 375 0,000394 3,94000E-04376 0,000394 3,94000E-04377 0,000394 3,94000E-04 378 0,000394 3,94000E-04379 0,000394 3,94000E-04380 0,000394 3,94000E-04 381 0,000394 3,94000E-04382 0,000394 3,940
