1、3535789 O045595 058 * -. ENGINEER MANUAL e-79-5 Q -. EM 11 10-3-1 77 April 1984 ENGINEERING AND DESIGN SANITARY LANDFILL MOBILIZATION CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without l
2、icense from IHS-,-,-3535789 004559b T4 = DAEN-E CE-G 0 Engineer Mamal NO. 1110-3-177 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, D.C. 20314 EM 1110-3-177 9 April 1984 Engineering and Design SANITARY LANDFILL Mobilization Construction 1. Purpose. This mamal provides guidance for t
3、he construction and operation of sanitary landfills at U.S. Army mobilization facilities. 2. Applicability. This mamal is applicable to all field operating act ivi t i es having mo bilizat ion cons tN ct ion r esponsi bili t i es. 3. Discussion. Criteria and standards presented herein apply to const
4、ruction considered crucial to a mobilization effort. These requirements may be altered when necessary to satisfy special conditions on the basis of good engineering practice consistent with the nature of the construction. Design and construction of mobilization facilities must be canpleted within 18
5、0 days from the date notice to proceed is given with the projected life expectancy of five years. Hence, rapid construction of a facility should be reflected in its design. Time-consuming methods and procedures, normally preferred over quicker methods for better quality, should be de-emphasized. Les
6、ser grade materials should be substituted for higher grade materials when the lesser grade materials would provide satisfactory service and when use of higher grade materials wmld extend construction time. necessary for the adequate functioning of the facility should be deferred until aich time as t
7、hey can be canpleted without delaying the mobilization effort. Work items not immediately FOR THE COMMANDER: ColonF Corps of Engineers Chie of Staff Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3535789 0045577 720 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U. S. Army
8、 Corps of Engineers Washington, D.C. 2933.4 Engineer Manual NO. 1110-3-177 EM 1110-3-177 9 April 1984 Engineering and Design SANITARY LANDFILL Mobilization Construction Paragraph Page CHAPTER 1. GENERAL Purpose and scope. . Regulatory requirements Health and safety objectives . Solid waste stabiliza
9、tion in a sanitary landfill . . CHAPTER 2. SITE SELECTION General Selection factors CHAPTER 3. SANITARY LANDFILL DESIGN General Data for sanitary landfill planning . Volume requirements Site improvements Control of surface water . . . . . Ground water protection Gas control Plans or design, construc
10、tion, operations, and maintenance of sites. Cover material. CHAPTER 4. SANITARY LANDFILL OPERATIONS General Criteria . Landfilling methods Equipment Effect of climate on sanitary landfill. 1-1 1-1 1-2 1-1 1-3 1-1 1-4 1-1 2-1 2-1 2-2 2-1 3- 1 3-1 3-2 3-1 3-3 3-1 3-4 3-3 3-5 3-5 3-7 3-10 3-6 3-8 3-8 3
11、-12 3-9 3-13 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-1 4-3 4-2 4-4 4-6 4-5 4-9 APPENDIX A. REFERENCES i A- 1 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3515789 O045598 8b7 EM 1110-3-177 9 Apr 84 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3-1. 3-2. 3-3. Plan and section views of surface wate
12、r control. 4-1. Sanitary landfill construction. 4-2. Trench method. 4-3. Area method. 4-4. Progressive slope it is, however, influenced by the thickness of the cover used and cell configuration. If cover material is not excavated from the fill site, this ratio may be compared with the volume of comp
13、acted soil waste and the capacity of a site determined from figure 3-1. For example, a facility having a 10,000 population and a per capita collection rate of 4 pounds per day must dispose of, in 1 year, approximately 16 acre-feet of solid waste 3-1 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or ne
14、tworking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3535789 0045604 990 EM 1110-3-177 9 Apr 84 o O 9 O 48r-r - I 40 a a W I- LL I W 5-32 a W I- V s I 1 2 1 6 0 IO SOLID WASTE COLLECTED (POUNDS/CAPlTA/CALENDAR DAY) Environmental Protection Agency FIGURE 3-1. YEARLY VOLUME OF COMPACTED SOLID WASTE FOR A F
15、ACILITY OF 10,000 PERSONS . 3-2 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-= 3515789 0045605 827 EM 1110-3-177 9 Apr 84 if it is compacted to 600 pounds per cubic yard. If it were compacted to only 400 pounds per cubic yard, the volume disposed
16、or in 1 year would occupy nearly 24 acre-feet. The volume of soil required for the 600-pound density at a solid waste-to-cover ratio of 4:l would be 4.0 acre-feet; the 400-pound density waste would need 6.0 acre-feet. A density of 600 pounds per cubic yard will be used for mobilization design and op
17、eration. b. Estimate of volume. The number of tons to be disposed of at a proposed sanitary landfill can be estimated by multiplying the effective population by the daily per capita quantity, then dividing by 2,000 pounds per ton. The daily volume of compacted solid waste can then be determined by u
18、sing figure 3-2. The volume of soil required to cover each days waste is then estimated by using the appropriate solid waste-to-cover ratio. c. Densities. Solid waste density (field density) is the weight of a unit volume of solid waste in place. Landfill density is the weight of a unit volume of in
19、-place solid waste divided by the volume of solid waste and its cover material. usually expressed as pounds per cubic yard, on an in-place weight basis, including moisture, at time of the test, unless otherwise stated. Both methods of reporting density are 3-4. Site improvements. The plan for a sani
20、tary landfill should prescribe how the site will be improved to provide an orderly and sanitary operation. This may simply involve the clearing of shrubs, trees, and other obstacles that could hinder vehicle travel and landfilling operations or it could involve the construction of buildings, roads,
21、and utilities. a. Clearing and grubbing. Trees and brush that hinder landfill equipment or collection vehicles must be removed. Trees that cannot be pushed over should be cut as close as possible to the ground so that the stumps do not hinder compaction or obstruct vehicles. Brush and tall grass in
22、working areas can be rolled over or grubbed. site should be cleared in increments to avoid erosion and scarring of the land. A large b. Roads. Roads should be provided from the public road system to the site. from its entrance to the vicinity of the working area. They should be designed to support t
23、he anticipated volume of truck traffic. In general, the roadway should consist of two Lanes (total minimum width, 24 feet), for two-way traffic. Grades should not exceed equipment limitations. For loaded vehicles, most uphill grades should be less than 7 percent and downhill grades less than 10. Tem
24、porary roads are normally used to deliver wastes to the working face from the permanent road system because the location of the working face is constantly changing. A large site may have to have all-weather roads that lead Temporary roads may be constructed by compacting the natural 3-3 Provided by
25、IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-W 3535789 0045606 763 EM 1110-3-177 ,9 Apr 84 100 o 500 6 O0 700 800 900 I O00 40 80 I20 160 200 SOLID WASTE DISPOSED DAILY (TONS/DAY) Environmental Protection Agency FIGURE 3-2. DAILY VOLUME OF COMPACTED SOLID WAS
26、TE 3-4 .Fi, 1535 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-m 3535789 0045607 bTT EM 1110-3-177 9Apr 84 soil present and by controlling drainage or by topping them with a layer of a tractive material, such as gravel, crushed stone, cinders, brok
27、en concrete, mortar, or bricks. Lime, cement, or asphalt binders may make such roads more serviceable. day to the landfill are expected, a graded and compacted soil will usually suffice. the use of calcium chloride as a dust inhibitor or such binder materials as soil cement or asphalt. desirable if
28、more than 100 to 150 round trips per day are anticipated. If fewer than 25 round trips per More than 50 round trips per day generally justifies A base course plus a binder is c. Buildings. A building or construction-type field trailer should Since a landfill be provided for office space and employee
29、 facilities. operates in wet and cold weather, some protection from the elements should be provided. Sanitary facilities should be provided for both landfill and collection personnel. Buildings should be temporary types and, preferably, be movable. The design and location of all structures should co
30、nsider gas movement and differential settlement caused by the decomposing solid was te. Operational records may also be kept at the site. d. Utilities. All sanitary landfill sites should have electrical, water, and sanitary services. Remote sites may have to extend existing services or use acceptabl
31、e substitutes. Portable chemical toilets can be used to avoid the high cost of extending sewer lines; potable water may be trucked in, and an electric generator may be used instead of having power lines run into the site. Water should be available for drinking, fire fighting, dust control, and emplo
32、yee sanitation. A sewer line may be called for, especially at large sites and those where leachate is collected and treated with domestic wastewater. Telephone or radio communications are also desirable. e. Fencing. Peripheral and litter fences are commonly needed at sanitary landfills. The first ty
33、pe is used to control or limit access, keep out children and animals, screen the landfill, and delineate the property line. If vandalism and trespassing are to be discouraged, a 6-foot high fence topped with three strands of barbed wire projecting at a 45 degree angle is desirable. A wooden fence or
34、 a hedge may be used to screen the operation from view. Litter fences are used to control blowing paper in the immediate vicinity of the working face. As a general rule, trench operations require less litter fencing because the solid waste tends to be confined within the walls of the trench. At a ve
35、ry windy trench site, a 4-foot snow fence will usually suffice. Blowing paper is more of a problem in an area operation; 6-to 10-foot litter fences are often needed. Since the location of the working face shifts frequently, litter fences should be movable. 3-5. Control of surface water. Control of s
36、urface water runoff at a landfill disposal facility is necessary in order to minimize the potential for environmental damage to ground and surface waters by direct and indirect effects. Direct surface water contamination can e 3-5 153f Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permi
37、tted without license from IHS-,-,-9 3515789 0045608 536 m EM 1110-3-177 9 Apr 84 result from solid waste and other dissolved or suspended contaminants carried by surface runoff. Uncontrolled surface runoff can also contribute to leachate and gas generation, thereby increasing the potential for both
38、surface and ground water contamination. Surface water courses should be diverted from the sanitary landfill and there should be no uncontrolled hydraulic connection between the landfill and standing or flowing surface water. a. Seasonal variations. Quality, quantity, source, and seasonal variations
39、of surface waters in the vicinity of the landfill disposal facility should be established to serve as a basis for design of any necessary surface water protection systems. Counseling and guidance in planning water management measures are available through local soil conservation districts upon reque
40、st. b. Piping and channels. Pipes may be used in gullies, ravines, and canyons that are being filled to transmit upland drainage through the site and open channels employed to divert runoff from surrounding areas (fig 3-3). Portable or permanent drainage channels may be constructed to intercept and
41、remove runoff water. Low-cost, portable drainage channels can be made by bolting together half-sections of corrugated steel pipes. Surface water that runs off stockpiled cover material may contain suspended solids and should not be allowed to enter watercourses unless it has been ponded to remove se
42、ttleable solids. c. Sump pumps. Sump pumps may also be used. Because of operating and maintenance requirements, the use of mechanical equipment for water control is, however, strongly discouraged unless the control is needed only temporarily. If trenches or depressions are being filled, collection s
43、umps and pumps may be used to keep them from flooding. d. Flood plains. A dike with sufficient structural integrity should be constructed around any landfill disposal facility located within the 100-year floodplain of sufficient height to prevent inundation. Subsurface controls may also be necessary
44、 to prevent intrusion of water resulting from the temporary elevated ground water table during flooding. The top of the dike should be wide enough for maintenance work to be carried out and may be designed or use by collection and landfill vehicles. e. Incident precipitation. Similar to surface runo
45、ff from surrounding areas, incident precipitation falling onto a landfill can result in two effects, namely, increased leachate generation and erosion of cover soil and solid waste. Techniques to carry incident precipitation from the landfill without causing erosion should be applied as follows: (1)
46、 The final cover of the landfill should be graded such that water does not pool over the landfill. In order to minimize soil erosion, the final grade should not exceed 30 percent. Slopes longer 3-6 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-W 35
47、15789 0045607 Y72 = EM 1110-3-177 9 Apr 84 Environmental Protection Agency FIGURE 3-3. PLAN AND SECTION VIEWS OF SURFACE WATER CONTROL 3-7 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-= 3515789 0045610 I194 = EM 1110-3-177 9 Apr 84 than 25 feet ma
48、y require additional erosion control measures, such as construction of horizontal terraces, of sufficient width for equipment operation, for every 20 feet rise in elevation. Minimum slope, including terraces, should be 2 percent. (2) The final soil cover on a completed landfill disposal facility sho
49、uld be seeded or otherwise vegetated to minimize erosion and maximize evapotranspiration. (3) If landfill site design incorporates minimization of leachate generation, a low permeability cover soil with a low swell and shrink tendency upon wetting and drying should be utilized to avoid cracking. 3-6. Ground water protection. a. Ground water uses. Current and projected use of
