1、Z341.4-14Salt cavern waste disposalLegal Notice for StandardsCanadian Standards Association (operating as “CSA Group”) develops standards through a consensus standards development process approved by the Standards Council of Canada. This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoi
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15、TsSEARCHANDBROWSETHISDOCUMENTANDsPRINTTHISDOCUMENTIFITISIN0$ it is necessary to exercise competent engineering judgment in conjunction with its use.Annex A provides commentary that complements and clarifies the clauses of this Standard.The requirements of the Series are adequate under conditions nor
16、mally encountered in the storage industry. Requirements for abnormal or unusual conditions are not specifically addressed, and complete details of engineering and construction are not provided. It is intended that all work performed within the scope of the Series will meet or exceed the safety stand
17、ards expressed or implied in the Series. It is possible that changes will have to be made based on new experience or technology, or both. When necessary, amendments will be issued by CSA Group.This Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee on Storage in Underground Formations, under the juris
18、diction of the Strategic Steering Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry Systems, and has been formally approved by the Technical Committee.Notes: (1) Use of the singular does not exclude the plural (and vice versa) when the sense allows.(2) Although the intended primary application of this
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20、 for standardization as “substantial agreement. Consensus implies much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity”. It is consistent with this definition that a member may be included in the Technical Committee list and yet not be in full agreement with all clauses of this Standard.(
21、4) To submit a request for interpretation of this Standard, please send the following information to inquiriescsagroup.org and include “Request for interpretation” in the subject line:(a) define the problem, making reference to the specific clause, and, where appropriate, include an illustrative ske
22、tch;(b) provide an explanation of circumstances surrounding the actual field condition; and(c) where possible, phrase the request in such a way that a specific “yes” or “no” answer will address the issue.Committee interpretations are processed in accordance with the CSA Directives and guidelines gov
23、erning standardization and are available on the Current Standards Activities page at standardsactivities.csa.ca.(5) This Standard is subject to review five years from the date of publication. Suggestions for its improvement will be referred to the appropriate committee. To submit a proposal for chan
24、ge, please send the following information to inquiriescsagroup.org and include “Proposal for change” in the subject line:(a) Standard designation (number);(b) relevant clause, table, and/or figure number;(c) wording of the proposed change; and(d) rationale for the change. 2014 CSA Group Salt cavern
25、waste disposalDecember 2014 1Z341.4-14Salt cavern waste disposal1Scope1.1This Standard sets out the minimum requirements for the design, construction, operation, maintenance, abandonment, and safety of wells and associated equipment used to inject waste into underground salt caverns in a slurry form
26、. The equipment considered includes(a) wellhead and Christmas tree assemblies;(b) wells and subsurface equipment; and(c) safety equipment, including monitoring, control, and emergency shutdown systems.Note: The scope of this Standard is illustrated in Figure 1.1.2Wastes within the scope of this Stan
27、dard are substances generated from the exploration, production, drilling, completion, abandonment, processing, refining, transmission, or use of petroleum or petroleum products.Note: Examples include(a) drilling mud;(b) drill cuttings;(c) completion and stimulation waste;(d) produced sands;(e) tank
28、bottoms;(f) crude oil-contaminated soil;(g) salt-contaminated soil;(h) brine pond bottoms;(i) water treatment sludge; and(j) blowdown from water coolers or steam generators.1.3This Standard does not apply to(a) underground disposal in overburden materials involving the use of tanks or membranes, suc
29、h as landfills;(b) design and fabrication of pressure vessels that are covered by pressure vessel codes;(c) heat exchangers, pumps, compressors, and piping in processing plant facilities, manufacturing plants, or industrial plants that are covered by appropriate codes;(d) gathering lines, flow lines
30、, metering, compressors, and associated surface equipment beyond the first emergency shutdown valve (ESV) or block valve;(e) radioactive fuel wastes;(f) biological wastes;(g) wastes that have a pH less than 4.5 or greater than 12.5;(h) wastes that have a flash point less than 60.5 C; and(i) wastes c
31、ontaining hydrogen sulphide in concentrations greater than 10 mol/kmol.1.4It is not the intent of this Standard to prevent the development of new equipment or practices, nor to prescribe how such innovations should be handled.Z341.4-14 2014 CSA Group2 December 20141.5Where the requirements of this S
32、tandard differ from the requirements of other Standards or Codes referenced herein, the requirements of this Standard take precedence.1.6The requirements of this Standard do not apply retroactively to existing installations and installations under construction at the time of publication, but they do
33、 apply to the extension, replacement, maintenance, and upgrading of such installations.1.7In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which
34、 is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory
35、 or informative material.Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.2 Reference publicationsThis Standard refers to the following pub
36、lications, and where such reference is made, it shall be to the edition listed below, including all amendments published thereto.CSA GroupC22.1-12Canadian Electrical Code, Part ICAN/CSA-Z662-11Oil and gas pipeline systemsZ731-03 (R2014)Emergency preparedness and responseAPI (American Petroleum Insti
37、tute)RP 5B1 (R2010)Gauging and Inspection of Casing, Tubing, and Pipe Line ThreadsRP 5C1 (R2010)Recommended Practice for Care and Use of Casing and TubingBulletin 5C2 (1999) (withdrawn)Performance Properties of Casing, Tubing, and Drill PipeANSI/API Specification 6A (2010)Specification for Wellhead
38、and Christmas Tree EquipmentANSI/API Specification 6D (2014)Specification for Pipeline and Piping Valves 2014 CSA Group Salt cavern waste disposalDecember 2014 3ANSI/API RP 14E (1991, R2013)Recommended Practice for Design and Installation of Offshore Products Platform Piping SystemsStandard 2510 (20
39、01, R2011)Design and Construction of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) InstallationsPublication 2510A (1996, R2010)Fire-Protection Considerations for the Design and Operation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Storage FacilitiesAPI/ISO (American Petroleum Institute/International Organization for Standardi
40、zation)RP 5A3/ISO 13678 (2009)Recommended Practice on Thread Compounds for Casing, Tubing, Line Pipe, and Drill Stem ElementsRP 5A5/ISO 15463 (2005, R2010)Field Inspection of New Casing, Tubing, and Plain-end Drill PipeSpecification 5CT/ISO 11960 (2011)Specification for Casing and TubingASME (Americ
41、an Society of Mechanical Engineers)B31.3-2012Process PipingNACE International (National Association of Corrosion Engineers)SP0186-2007Application of Cathodic Protection for External Surfaces of Steel Well CasingsNACE International/ISO (National Association of Corrosion Engineers/International Organi
42、zation for Standardization)ANSI/MR0175/ISO 15156-2009Petroleum and natural gas industries Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production Parts 1, 2 and 3Other publicationsBerest, P., Brouard, B., and Durup, G., “Tightness Tests in Salt Cavern Wells”, Spring SMRI Meeting,
43、2002.Crotogino, F., SMRI Reference for External Well Mechanical Integrity Testing/Performance, Data Evaluation and Assessment, Solution Mining Research Institute, 1995.Heitman, N.A., “Experience with Cavern Integrity Testing Using Nitrogen Gas”, Spring SMRI Meeting, 1987.Kansas Department of Health
44、and Environment, Nitrogen/Brine Interface Mechanical Integrity Test (MIT), Procedure #: UICLPG-20, 2006.3 DefinitionsThe following definitions shall apply in this Standard:Abandoned well a well whose use has been permanently discontinued and which has been plugged.Annulus the space between two casin
45、gs, between a casing and tubing, or between a casing and the adjacent formations.Blind flange a flange with no orifice or portal through which fluids can flow.Z341.4-14 2014 CSA Group4 December 2014Block valve a valve on a pipeline system that is located so as to isolate sections of pipeline during
46、maintenance or in the event of leaks or failures.Blowdown the controlled release or open flow venting of hydrocarbons, commonly done in surface facilities or wells.Blowout the uncontrolled flow of fluids from a well.Blowout preventer (BOP) a stack or assembly of valves attached to the top of the cas
47、ing during drilling, completions, or workover operations to control well pressure and prevent a blowout.Bottom-hole the lowermost portion of a well.Brine saline water that naturally occurs in porous rock formations or fluid resulting from the dissolution of salt formations with fresh water for the p
48、urposes of salt solution mining.Caprock a hard, impervious formation that forms a cap over a disposal cavern and prevents the upward migration of fluids from the disposal zone.Casing metallic pipe placed in the borehole to support the sides of the borehole and to act as a barrier preventing subsurfa
49、ce migration of fluids out of or into the borehole.Surface casing a pipe placed into the borehole and cemented into place for the purposes of well control and the protection of usable safe drinking water (USDW) formations from damage during drilling, mining, production and disposal operations.Intermediate casing a pipe placed into the borehole inside the surface casing and
