1、IC 621.873.3.016 : 620.1 DEUTSCHE NORMEN June 1979 for Non Rail-mounted Mobile Cranes Test Loading and Calculation Cranes Stability 15 O9 Part 2 This Standard incorporates technical safety stipulations within the meaning of the Law on Technical Equipment, Start of validity This Standard takes effect
2、 from Ist June 1979 This Standard has been prepared in co-opera tion with the Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaft e. V., Zentralstelle fr Un fallverhtung und Arbeitsmedizin (Federation of Industrial Injuries Insurance Associations, Central Office for Accident Prevention and Industrial
3、 Medicinel, Bonn. 1 Scope This Standard applies to non rail-mounted mobile cranes, which are fully or partially motor-driven. Mobile cranes are defined and described in DIN 15 O01 Part 1. 2 Other relevant Standards DIN 1055 Part 4 Load assumptions for structures; live loads, wind loads on structures
4、 not susceptible to vibration Cranes; definitions, classification according to type Cranes; principles for steel struc- tures; stress analysis DIN 15 001 Part 1 DIN 15 O1 8 Part 1 3 Proof of stability The stability of the cranes (safety against overturning) requires proof, .e., - by test loading and
5、 - by calculation The stability under a high test Joad can also be proved by test loading alone. 4 The unloaded crane must be horizontal on Ioad-bearing soil within limits of +_ 0.5 %for the test loading. If greater inclinations are permissible during operation, the crane is to be tested in these in
6、clined positions. The crane must not overturn during the test loading; one or more supports may lift off the ground. The test loading is carried out with the small and large test load in accordance with the lifting loads P and work- ing radii specified by the manufacturer. The test loading is carrie
7、d out in the lightest possible, gust-free wind, and a dynamic pressure of 50 N/m2 must not be exceeded. Test loading for proof of stability The relevant value for the working radius includes the deformation of the crane under the intended lifting or test loads. The working radius is measured from th
8、e centre of rotation of the crane to the centre of gravity of the load. Normally the test loads as specified in Sections 4.1 and 4.2 are to be applied. Testing with the largest, the mean and the smallest working radius with the associated maximum load in each case suffices for a specific equipment c
9、ondition. 4.1 Small test load 1.1 .P With this test load the cranes must perform all move- ments permissible during normal operation with the least favourable load positions, but with the care required during normal operation. 4.2 Large test load 1.25.P+O.l -A) This test loading is performed statica
10、lly. During acceptance all crane movements (not travelling movements) are also be performed individually at the lowest possible speed and until all gear teeth have engaged at least once. During this procedure the load shall remain near the ground and measures may be taken to restrict swinging of the
11、 load. This test load must exceed, by at least 0.1 .P, the load corresponding to the upper tolerance limit for the over- load safety device. If this is not the case at the specified values, the test load must be increased accordingly. 1 Note: For explanation of P and A see Footnote 2 in Table 1 If t
12、he portion of A cannot be applied because of operating restrictions during the test loading, the stability calculation must be submitted during accept- ance. Continued on pages 2 to 5 Explanations on pages 6 and 7 Sole sale rights of German Standards (DIN-Normen) are with Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin 3
13、0 DIM 15 O19 Teil 2 engl. Preisgr. 6 08.81 Vertr.-Nr. O106 Page 2 DIN 15 019 Part 2 Load case Smallest test load Large test load 5, Force directed upwards 5 Calculation for proof of the stability A crane is regarded as adequately stable, if - referred to the least favourable tilting edge in each cas
14、e -the total of all moments is O in the case of stressing by the dead weight loads and the forces and load cases specified in Table 1, the tilting moments being assumed to be negative. The stability is to be proved by calculation for the following cases with the loads specified in Table 1 : - crane
15、with small overload - crane with large overload - crane with force directed upwards - erection and dismantling - crane in wind, not operating The proof of stability is carried out for the least favourable tilting edge, .e. for the tilting edge at the smallest vertical distance from the centre of gra
16、vity of the entire crane. It is to be noted that the centre of gravity is displaced during rotation of the jib and when the working radius is changed. If different lifting loads P are specified in different jib directions, the proof of stability is carried out separately for each tilting edge, other
17、wise the proof for the least favourable tilting edge is adequate. The tilting edges for common mobile cranes are explained and represented schematically in Table 2. Vertical and forces due to inertia 3) Calculated horizontal Wind pressure w according to DIN 1055 Part 4 N/m2 lifting load 2, according
18、 to calculated proof 1,l * P 1,o- w 1,25 - P + 0.1 A O O - 0.1 * P O O Table 1. Erection and dismantling Wind, not operating Wind 4) 0,l .A O O O O 1,2 * w Dynamic pressure 9 N/m2 125 O O O according to DIN 1055 Part 4 *) The lifting load P is the total of the weights of the load to be lifted, the b
19、ottom flange, and the load take-up and slinging tackle, as specified by the manufacturer. A is the equivalent weight of the jib system acting through the jib tip. 3, The inertia forces are calculated in accordance with DIN 15 018, Part 1. 4, These values are used as minimum values, unless restrictiv
20、e measures to counter the effect of wind are envisaged in 5, The large test load must exceed, by at least 0.1 OP, the load corresponding to the upper tolerance limit for the the operating instructions. The value used for the dynamic pressure must not be less than 50 N/m2. overload safety device. If
21、this is not the case with the specified values, the overload must be increased accordingly. DIN 15 O19 Part 2 Page 3 Table 2. Represented Supported mobile crane Support. Axle Unsupported mobile crane, with locked axle spring suspensior or without axle spring suspension, with locked axle rocker Axle
22、Unsupported mobile crane with locked axle spring suspension or without axle spring suspension, with free axle rocker Unsupported mobile crane with axle spring suspension freely operating and locked axle rocker, or with individual springs I II e%- Unsupported mobile crane with axle spring suspension
23、freely operating, and free axle rocker Explanation of the tilting edges The tilting edges are the connecting lines between the centres of the supports. If flexible supports (e.g. wheels with pneumatic tyres) are located in front of a tilting edge, these supports may be included in the calculation if
24、 it is ensured by special measures (e.9. with pneu- matically-tyred wheels: adequate pre-loading and locking of the axle springs) that they act like a firm support. The tilting edges are the connecting lines between the ground contact points of the wheels. The tilting edges are the connecting lines
25、between the ground contact points of the wheels and the line of action of the axle rocker. The tilting edges are the connecting lines between the points of action of the springs. The tilting edges are the connecting lines between the points of action of the springs and the line of action of the axle
26、 rocker. Page 4 DIN 15 O19 Part 2 Table 2. (Continued) Represented Unsupported mobile crane with locked axle spring suspension or without axle spring suspension, with double tyres, for all load cases according to Table 1, except “force directed Unsupported mobile crane with locked axle spring suspen
27、sion or without axle spring suspension, with double tyres, for the load case “force directed upwards“ according to Table 1 Unsupported mobile crane with axle spring suspension freely operating, with double tyres Unsupported mobile crane with locked axle spring suspension or without axle spring suspe
28、nsion, with swing axle, with double tyres, for all load cases according to Table 1, except “force directed upwards“ I Unsupported mobile crane with locked axle spring suspension or without axle spring suspension, with swing axle, with double tyres, for the load case “force according to Table 1 Unsup
29、ported mobile crane with axle spring suspension freely operating, with swing axle, with double tyres Explanation of the tilting edges The tilting edges are the connecting lines between the centres of the double tyres; with single front tyres, the connecting lines between the ground contact points of
30、 the front tyres and the centres of the rear double tyres. The tilting edges are the connecting lines between the contact points of the outer tyres The tilting edges are the connecting lines between the points of action of the springs The tilting edges are the connecting lines between the centres of
31、 the double tyres and the hinge point of the swing axle The tilting edges are the connecting lines between the ground contact points of the outer tyres and the hinge point of the swing axle The tilting edges are the connecting lines between the points of action of the springs and the hinge point of
32、the swing axle DIN 15 O19 Part 2 Page 5 Table 2. (Continued) No. I Represented Unsupported crawler crane with single row of rollers 12 and rear Sideways tilting edges Unsupported crawler crane with double rollers 13 at the front tilting and rear edges Unsupported crawler crane with double rollers an
33、d raised supporting discs at the front tilting and rear edges Explanation of the tilting edges The front, rear and sideways tilting edges are the connecting lines between the outer support- ing discs The tilting edges at the front and rear are the connecting lines between the supporting discs; the s
34、ideways tilting edges are the connecting lines between the outer rollers The tilting edges at the front and rear are the connecting lines between the front and rear rollers, unless the supporting discs are lifted by such a small amount that stability is ensured even when the crane is tilted taking i
35、nto account the greater working radius. The sideways tilting edges are the connecting lines between the outer rollers 6 Wind area of the load If the exact size and shape of the load is not known, the wind area of the load (including form factor 1.2) is to be assumed to be 1.2 m* per t load. 7 Miscel
36、laneous 7.1 Lifting capacity in wind The maximum wind speed or dynamic pressure at which the crane remains stable during operation must be specified in the lifting load tables. If the wind area of the-ioad and/or the form factor is greater than that specified in Section 6, the lifting load or permis
37、- sible wind speed must be reduced accordingly. 7.2 Operating range Lifting operation with working radii, for which no lifting loads are specified by the manufacturer, is not permissible. Further Standards DIN 15 O19 Part 1 (at present still in draft form) Cranes; stability; All cranes except non-ra
38、il-mounted mobile cranes without tower and except floating cranes Page 6 DIN 15 O19 Part 2 Explanations Special Standards for the stability both of mobile cranes and jib and slewing cranes are necessary because of the wide variation in design and operating conditions. Insofar as they use public high
39、ways, mobile cranes are also subject to the Road Traffic Licensing Regulations, which limit the possible dead weights of mobile cranes. Hence the Standard for the stability of these cranes is designed to permit any acceptable saving of weight. This Standard lays down the principles for testing the s
40、tability. The specified stability calculations are likewise summar- ized. The tilting edges for supported and unsupported mobile cranes are also defined. The P values to be specified by the manufacturer in the lifting load tables may be significantly affected by consideration of - The strength of lo
41、ad-bearing parts, particularly of the jib, lifting tackle (rope, bottom block) and where applicable the - deformation of the crane under load, in particular when the crane is not supported; - acceleration and braking forces caused by the special nature of the drive and the design and operation of th
42、e gear- - wind forces during operation; - the response tolerance of the overload safety device or warning device fitted; attention is drawn to Section 4.2, load take-up equipment; box and brakes; final paragraph and Table 1, Footnote 2of this Standard. The response tolerance is expressed as a percen
43、tage of the lifting load. During testing of the stability, the effect of the jib is taken into account by an addition to the test load. Hence, in addi- tion to the lifting load P the weight 0.1 A. to be understood as 0.1 times the equivalent weight of the jib acting through the jib tip (see also Foo
44、tnote 2 to Table 11, must be specified by the manufacturer for acceptance. The method of deter- mining the equivalent jib head weight A for n individual centres of gravity of the jib system is shown in the following example. 7 I n i= 1 Gi-a, The Standard is an “Outline Standard“ and must, therefore,
45、 be of a general nture. It cannot include all lifting capacity restrictions necessary for individual designs but must instead be supplemented by the manufacturers operating instruc- tions, which must also be complied with in all cases for safe operation of the crane. DIN 15 O19 Part 2 Page 7 Example
46、s of stipulations in the operating instructions are as follows: - From a specific jib length onwards the speed of rotation must not exceed a specified value. - Loads must not be raised or lowered more quickly than the speeds on which the calculations are based. - If the lifting capacities apply only
47、 to the supported condition, the spring effect of tyres and axle springs must be eliminated by raising them before loading. Wheels providing support are if necessary, underpinned, adequately pre- loaded and locked. In the case of spindle supports the operating instructions usually envisage only pres
48、sure of the supports on the ground, but not the release of the axles from the ground. - Specific lifting capacities may be used only in limited slewing ranges. - The rotatable upper section of unsupported mobile cranes with pneumatic tyres may be slewed or rotated only in specified ranges or only un
49、der special conditions, e.g. with locked springs. - Information on securing of the unloaded jib, if it is not stable in wind, e.g. release of the slewing gear brakes or lower- ing of the jib. - Information on the direction of the loaded jib, if the unsupported crane may operate with a load. - The unloaded crane is carefully aligned horizontally with a spirit level. During operation the specified tolerances must not be exceeded (see Section 4). - The crane must be taken out of service at wind speeds above a specified value and with specified jib lengths, e.g. if the wind speed determ
