1、April 2014 Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 17No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS
2、19.100; 23.040.01!%1A2“2143015www.din.deDDIN EN 16407-2Non-destructive testing Radiographic inspection of corrosion and deposits in pipes by X- andgamma rays Part 2 : Double Wall radiographic inspection;English version EN 16407-2:2014,English translation of DIN EN 16407-2:2014-04Zerstrungsfreie Prfu
3、ng Durchstrahlungsprfung auf Korrosion und Ablagerungen in Rohren mit Rntgen- undGammastrahlen Teil 2: Doppelwand-Durchstrahlungsprfung;Englische Fassung EN 16407-2:2014,Englische bersetzung von DIN EN 16407-2:2014-04Essais non destructifs Examen radiographique de la corrosion et des dpts dans les c
4、analisations, par rayons Xet rayons gamma Partie 2: Examen radiographique double paroi;Version anglaise EN 16407-2:2014,Traduction anglaise de DIN EN 16407-2:2014-04www.beuth.deIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.Document comprises 38 pages04.14 DIN EN 16
5、407-2:2014-04 2 A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This document (EN 16407-2:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing” (Secretariat: AFNOR, France). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuss Materia
6、lprfung (Materials Testing Standards Committee), Working Committee NA 062-08-22 AA Durchstrahlungsprfung und Strahlenschutz. EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16407-2 January 2014 ICS 19.100; 23.040.01 English Version Non-destructive testing - Radiographic inspection of corrosion
7、and deposits in pipes by X- and gamma rays - Part 2: Double wall radiographic inspection Essais non destructifs - Examen radiographique de la corrosion et des dpts dans les canalisations, par rayons X et rayons gamma - Partie 2: Examen radiographique double paroi Zerstrungsfreie Prfung - Durchstrahl
8、ungsprfung auf Korrosion und Ablagerungen in Rohren mit Rntgen- und Gammastrahlen - Teil 2: Doppelwand- Durchstrahlungsprfung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 October 2013. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for gi
9、ving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three of
10、ficial versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies
11、of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain
12、, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGCEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for
13、 CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16407-2:2014 E2 Contents Page Foreword 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Classification of radiographic techniques 8 5 General 9 5.1 Protection against ionizing radiation.9 5.2 Personnel qualification .9 5.3 Identification of radiogr
14、aphs 9 5.4 Marking .9 5.5 Overlap of films or digital images 9 5.6 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQI) .9 5.6.1 Single wire IQI 9 5.6.2 Duplex wire IQI (digital radiographs) 10 6 Recommended techniques for making radiographs . 10 6.1 Test arrangements 10 6.1.1 General . 10 6.1.2 Do
15、uble wall single image (DWSI) 10 6.1.3 Double wall double image (DWDI) . 12 6.1.4 Alignment of beam and film/detector . 14 6.2 Choice of radiation source 14 6.3 Film systems and screens . 15 6.4 Screens and shielding for imaging plates (computed radiography only) 17 6.5 Reduction of scattered radiat
16、ion . 18 6.5.1 Filters and collimators . 18 6.5.2 Interception of back scattered radiation 19 6.6 Source-to-detector distance 19 6.6.1 Double wall single image . 19 6.6.2 Double wall double image 20 6.7 Axial coverage and overlap . 20 6.8 Circumference coverage 21 6.8.1 General . 21 6.8.2 DWSI . 21
17、6.8.3 DWDI 22 6.9 Selection of digital radiographic equipment 22 6.9.1 General . 22 6.9.2 CR systems . 22 6.9.3 DDA systems . 22 7 Radiograph/digital image sensitivity, quality and evaluation 22 7.1 Minimum image quality values 22 7.1.1 Wire image quality indicators 22 7.1.2 Duplex wire IQIs (digita
18、l radiographs) 23 7.1.3 Minimum normalized signal to noise ratio (digital radiographs) . 23 7.2 Density of film radiographs . 23 7.3 Film processing 24 7.4 Film viewing conditions . 24 DIN EN 16407-2:2014-04EN 16407-2:2014 (E) 3 8 Measurement of differences in penetrated thickness . 24 8.1 Principle
19、 of technique . 24 8.2 Measurement of attenuation coefficient . 25 8.3 Source and detector positioning . 25 8.4 Image grey level profiles. 25 8.5 Validation 25 8.6 Key Points 25 9 Digital image recording, storage, processing and viewing 26 9.1 Scan and read out of image 26 9.2 Calibration of DDAs .
20、26 9.3 Bad pixel interpolation 26 9.4 Image processing 26 9.5 Digital image recording and storage . 26 9.6 Monitor viewing conditions 27 10 Test report 27 Annex A (normative) Minimum image quality values . 29 Annex B (informative) Penetrated thickness measurements from image grey levels . 31 Annex C
21、 (normative) Determination of basic spatial resolution 33 Bibliography 36 DIN EN 16407-2:2014-04EN 16407-2:2014 (E)4 Foreword This document (EN 16407-2:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standa
22、rd shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this doc
23、ument may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. EN 16407 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing Radiographic inspection of corrosion and deposits in pipes by X- and ga
24、mma rays: Part 1: Tangential radiographic inspection; Part 2: Double wall radiographic inspection. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cy
25、prus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the Unit
26、ed Kingdom. DIN EN 16407-2:2014-04EN 16407-2:2014 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies fundamental techniques of film and digital radiography with the object of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on generally recognized practi
27、ce and fundamental theory of the subject. This European Standard applies to the radiographic examination of pipes in metallic materials for service induced flaws such as corrosion pitting, generalized corrosion and erosion. Besides its conventional meaning, “pipe” as used in this standard should be
28、understood to cover other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums and pressure vessels. Weld inspection for typical welding process induced flaws is not covered, but weld inspection is included for corrosion/erosion type flaws. The pipes may be insulated or not, and can be assessed
29、 where loss of material due, for example, to corrosion or erosion is suspected either internally or externally. This part of EN 16407 covers double wall inspection techniques for detection of wall loss, including double wall single image (DWSI) and double wall double image (DWDI). Note that the DWDI
30、 technique described in this part of EN 16407 is often combined with the tangential technique covered in EN 16407-1. This European Standard applies to in-service double wall radiographic inspection using industrial radiographic film techniques, computed digital radiography (CR) and digital detector
31、arrays (DDA). 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (inclu
32、ding any amendments) applies. EN 14784-1, Non-destructive testing Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates Part 1: Classification of systems EN ISO 11699-1, Non-destructive testing Industrial radiographic films Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiogr
33、aphy (ISO 11699-1) EN ISO 11699-2, Non-destructive testing Industrial radiographic films Part 2: Control of film processing by means of reference values (ISO 11699-2) EN ISO 17636-2:2013, Non-destructive testing of welds Radiographic testing Part 2: X- and gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors
34、 (ISO 17636-2:2013) EN ISO 19232-1, Non-destructive testing Image quality of radiographs Part 1: Determination of the image quality value using wire-type image quality indicators (ISO 19232-1) EN ISO 19232-5, Non-destructive testing Image quality of radiographs Part 5: Determination of the image uns
35、harpness value using duplex wire-type image quality indicators (ISO 19232-5) DIN EN 16407-2:2014-04EN 16407-2:2014 (E)6 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 basic spatial resolution of a digital detector SRbdetectorhalf of the meas
36、ured detector unsharpness in a digital image which corresponds to the effective pixel size and indicates the smallest geometrical detail, which can be resolved with a digital detector at magnification equal to one Note 1 to entry: For this measurement, the duplex wire IQI is placed directly on the d
37、igital detector array or imaging plate. Note 2 to entry: The measurement of unsharpness is described in EN ISO 19232-5, see also ASTM E2736 18 and ASTM E1000 16. 3.2 computed radiography CR storage phosphor imaging plate system complete system comprising a storage phosphor imaging plate (IP) and a c
38、orresponding read-out unit (scanner or reader), which converts the information from the IP into a digital image 3.3 detector D radiographic image detector consisting of a NDT film system (see EN ISO 11699-1) or a digital radiography system using an imaging plate system (CR system) or a DDA system No
39、te 1 to entry: Film systems and IPs can be used as flexible and curved detectors or in planar cassettes. 3.4 digital detector array system DDA system electronic device converting ionizing or penetrating radiation into a discrete array of analogue signals which are subsequently digitized and transfer
40、red to a computer for display as a digital image corresponding to the radiologic energy pattern imparted upon the input region of the device 3.5 DWDI double wall double image technique technique where the radiation source is located outside the pipe and away from the pipe, with the detector on the o
41、pposite side of the pipe and where the radiograph shows details from both the pipe walls on the detector and source sides of the pipe Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3. 3.6 DWSI double wall single image technique technique where the radiation source is located outside the pipe close to the pipe wall, wi
42、th the detector on the opposite side of the pipe and where the radiograph shows only detail from the pipe wall on the detector side Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1. DIN EN 16407-2:2014-04EN 16407-2:2014 (E) 7 3.7 nominal wall thickness t thickness of the pipe material only where manufacturing toleranc
43、es do not have to be taken into account 3.8 normalized signal-to-noise ratio SNRNsignal-to-noise ratio, SNR, normalized by the basic spatial resolution, SRb, as measured directly in the digital image and/or calculated from the measured SNR, SNRmeasured, by: N measuredb88,6mSNR =SNRSR3.9 object-to-de
44、tector distance b distance between the radiation side of the test object and the detector surface measured along the central axis of the radiation beam 3.10 outside diameter Denominal outside diameter of the pipe 3.11 penetrated thickness w thickness of material in the direction of the radiation bea
45、m calculated on the basis of the nominal thickness Note 1 to entry: For double wall radiographic inspection of a pipe, the minimum value for w is twice the pipe wall thickness. For multiple wall techniques, the penetrated thickness is calculated from the nominal wall thickness t. 3.12 pipe centre to
46、 detector distance PDD distance between the pipe centre and the detector 3.13 pixel size geometrical centre-to-centre distance between adjacent pixels in a row (horizontal pitch) or column (vertical pitch) of the scanned image SOURCE: EN 14096-2:2003, 3.2 3.14 signal-to-noise ratio SNR ratio of mean
47、 value of the linearized grey values to the standard deviation of the linearized grey values (noise) in a given region of interest in a digital image 3.15 source size d size of the radiation source SOURCE: EN 12679:1999, 2.1 DIN EN 16407-2:2014-04EN 16407-2:2014 (E)8 3.16 source-to-detector distance
48、 SDD distance between the source of radiation and the detector measured in the direction of the beam 3.17 source-to-object distance f distance between the source of radiation and the source side of the test object measured along the central axis of the radiation beam 3.18 source-to-pipe centre dista
49、nce SPD distance between the source of radiation and the pipe centre (pipe axis) measured in the direction of the beam 3.19 storage phosphor imaging plate IP photostimulable luminescent material capable of storing a latent radiographic image of a material being examined and, upon stimulation by a source of red light of appropriate wavelength, generates luminescence proportional to radiation absorbed 3.20 total effective penetrated thickness w
