1、August 2014Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 12No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS
2、13.040.20!%7A“2209830www.din.deDDIN EN 16414Ambient air Biomonitoring with mosses Accumulation of atmospheric contaminants in mosses collected in situ:from the collection to the preparation of samples;English version EN 16414:2014,English translation of DIN EN 16414:2014-08Auenluft Biomonitoring mit
3、 Moosen Akkumulation von Luftschadstoffen in Moosen (passives Monitoring): Probenahme undProbenaufbereitung;Englische Fassung EN 16414:2014,Englische bersetzung von DIN EN 16414:2014-08Air ambiant Biosurveillance laide de mousses Accumulation des contaminants atmosphriques dans les mousses prleves i
4、n situ:de la rcolte la prparation des chantillons;Version anglaise EN 16414:2014,Traduction anglaise de DIN EN 16414:2014-08www.beuth.deIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.Document comprises 23 pages07.14This standard has been included in the VDI/DIN Hand
5、book on air quality, Volume 1 A.DIN EN 16414:2014-08 2 A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This document (EN 16414:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality” (Secretariat: DIN, Germany), Working Group WG 31 “Biomonitoring methods with mosses and lich
6、ens” (Secretariat and Convenership: AFNOR, France). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft (KRdL) im VDI und DIN Normenausschuss (Commission on Air Pollution Prevention of VDI and DIN Standards Committee). National technical regulation pertain
7、ing to biomonitoring with plants The VDI 3957 Guideline series describes standardised biological measuring techniques. These methods and the resulting assessment values allow the determination and evaluation of the temporal and spatial distribution of air pollutant effects. The VDI 3957 Guideline se
8、ries consists of the following parts: VDI 3957 Part 1, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants Fundamentals and aims VDI 3957 Part 2, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants
9、on plants (bioindication) Method of standardised grass exposure VDI 3957 Part 3, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Procedure for standardised exposure of curly kale VDI 3957 Part 5, Biological measuring techniq
10、ues for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Standardised exposure of spruce VDI 3957 Part 6, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Determination and evaluation of
11、 the phytotoxic effect of photo-oxidants Method of the standardised tobacco exposure VDI 3957 Part 8, Determination of the growth rate of epiphytic lichens for ecological long-term monitoring VDI 3957 Part 10, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pol
12、lutants on plants (bioindication) Source-related measurements of ambient air quality using bio-indicators VDI 3957 Part 11, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Sampling of leaves and needles for a biomonitoring o
13、f the accumu-lation of air pollutants (passive biomonitoring) VDI 3957 Part 12, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Mapping of diversity of epiphytic bryophytes as indicators of air quality VDI 3957 Part 13, Biol
14、ogical measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Mapping the diversity of epiphytic lichens as an indicator of air quality VDI 3957 Part 14, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air p
15、ollutants on plants (bioindication) Phytotoxic effect of inorganic fluorides in ambient air Method of standardised gladiolus exposure DIN EN 16414:2014-08 3 VDI 3957 Part 15, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) I
16、nvestigation strategy following hazardous incidents (passive biomonitoring) VDI 3957 Part 16, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Determination of genotoxic effects with the Tradescantia MCN test VDI 3957 Part 17
17、, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Active monitoring of the heavy metal load with peat moss (Sphagnum-bag-technique) VDI 3957 Part 19, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of ef
18、fects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Detection of regional nitrogen depositions with the mosses Scleropodium purum and Pleurozium schreberi DIN EN 16414:2014-08 4 This page is intentionally blank EN 16414February 2014 ICS 13.040.20 English Version Ambient air - Biomonitoring with mosses
19、 - Accumulation of atmospheric contaminants in mosses collected in situ: from the collection to the preparation of samples Air ambiant - Biosurveillance laide de mousses - Accumulation des contaminants atmosphriques dans les mousses prleves in situ: de la rcolte la prparation des chantillons Auenluf
20、t - Biomonitoring mit Moosen - Akkumulation von Luftschadstoffen in Moosen (passives Monitoring): Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 December 2013. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions
21、 for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in t
22、hree official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards
23、bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia
24、, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16414:2014 EEUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT
25、EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 16414:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 0 Introduction 4 0.1 Biomonitoring and air quality .4 0.2 Biomonitoring and EU legislation 4 0.3 Biomonitoring with in situ mosses 5 1 Scope 6 2 Terms and
26、 definitions .6 3 Principle of the method .7 4 Equipment 7 4.1 Field equipment .7 4.2 Laboratory equipment .8 5 Sampling design 8 5.1 General 8 5.2 Monitoring regional patterns of deposition 8 5.3 Monitoring localized emission source 9 6 Sampling strategy 9 6.1 General 9 6.2 Moss species . 10 6.3 Pe
27、riod of collection. 10 6.4 Sampling unit characteristics 10 7 Sampling procedure . 11 7.1 General . 11 7.2 Moss sample . 11 7.3 Sample collection . 11 7.4 Packing 11 8 Sample preparation 12 8.1 Sample cleaning 12 8.2 Sample homogenization 12 8.3 Sample storage . 12 9 Recommendations for sample analy
28、sis . 12 10 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 12 10.1 General . 12 10.2 Quality Control 13 10.2.1 Overall variability 13 10.2.2 Interspecies calibration 13 10.2.3 Storage of the samples 13 10.3 Quality Assurance 13 Annex A (informative) Example of a survey sheet 14 Annex B (informative) Example
29、of the location of the sampling units near an emission source 15 Annex C (informative) List of main moss species used in published bioaccumulation studies . 16 Bibliography . 17 DIN EN 16414:2014-08EN 16414:2014 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 16414:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CE
30、N/TC 264 “Air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by
31、 August 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standard
32、s organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxem
33、bourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. DIN EN 16414:2014-08EN 16414:2014 (E) 4 0 Introduction 0.1 Biomonitoring and air quality The impact of air pollution is of growing importance worldwide. Local
34、and regional assessment is necessary as a first step to collect fundamental information, which can be used to avoid, prevent and minimize harmful effects on human health and the environment as a whole. Biomonitoring may serve as a tool for such a purpose. As the effects on indicator organisms are a
35、time-integrated result of complex influences combining both air quality and local climatic conditions, this holistic biological approach is considered particularly close to human and environmental health end points and thus is relevant to air quality management. It is important to emphasize that bio
36、monitoring data are completely different from those obtained through physico-chemical measurements (ambient concentrations and deposition) and computer modelling (emissions data). Biomonitoring provides evidence of the effects that airborne pollutants have on organisms. As such it reveals biological
37、ly relevant, field-based, time- and space-integrated indications of environmental health as a whole. Legislation states that there should be no harmful environmental effects from air pollution. This requirement can only be met by investigating the effects at the biological level. The application of
38、biomonitoring in air quality and environmental management requires rigorous standards and a recognized regime so that it can be evaluated in the same way as physico-chemical measurements and modelling in pollution management. Biomonitoring is the traditional way through which environmental changes h
39、ave been detected historically. Various standard works on biomonitoring provide an overview of the state of the science at the time, e.g. 1, 2, 3 The first investigations of passive biomonitoring are documented in the middle of the 19th century: by monitoring the development of epiphytic lichens it
40、was discovered that the lichens were damaged during the polluted period in winter and recovered and showed strong growth in summer 4. These observations identified lichens as important bioindicators. Later investigations also dealt with bioaccumulators. An active biomonitoring procedure with bush be
41、ans was first initiated in 1899 5. 0.2 Biomonitoring and EU legislation Biomonitoring methods in terrestrial environments respond to a variety of requirements and objectives of EU environmental policy primarily in the fields of air quality (Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air, 6), integrated polluti
42、on prevention and control (Directive 2008/1/EC, 7, and Directive 2010/75/EU, 8) and conservation (Habitats Directive). The topics food chain (9) and animal feed (10, 11, 12) are alluded to as well. For air quality in Europe, the legislator requires adequate monitoring of air quality, including pollu
43、tion deposition as well as avoidance, prevention or reduction of harmful effects. Biomonitoring methods appertain to the scope of short and long-term air quality assessment. Directive 2004/107/EC of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons i
44、n ambient air (13) states that “the use of bio indicators may be considered where regional patterns of the impact on ecosystems are to be assessed”. Concerning IPPC from industrial installations, the permit procedure includes two particular environmental conditions for setting adequate emission limi
45、t values. The asserted concepts of “effects” and “sensitivity of the local environment” open up a broad field for biomonitoring methods, in relation to the general impact on air quality and the deposition of operational-specific pollutants. The basic properties of biomonitoring methods can be used a
46、dvantageously for various applications such as reference inventories prior to the start of a new installation, the mapping of the potential pollution reception areas and (long-term) monitoring of the impact caused by industrial activity. The environmental inspection of installations demands the exam
47、ination of the full range of environmental effects. For the public authority, biomonitoring data contribute to the decision-making process, e.g. concerning the question of tolerance of impacts at the local scale. The Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild f
48、auna and flora 14) requires competent authorities to consider or review planning permission and other activities affecting a European designated site where the integrity of the site could be adversely affected. The Directive also DIN EN 16414:2014-08EN 16414:2014 (E) 5 provides for the control of po
49、tentially damaging operations, whereby consent may only be granted once it has been shown through appropriate assessment that the proposed operation will not adversely affect the integrity of the site. The responsibility lies with the applicant to demonstrate that there is no adverse effect on such a conservation area. For this purpose, biomonitoring is well suited as a non-intrusive form of environmental assessment. As an important element within its inte
