1、DEUTSCHE NORM Airil 1998 Technical drawings - Projection methods Part 1: Synopsis (IS0 5456-1 : 1996) DIN IS0 5456-1 ICs 01.1 00.01 Descriptors: Drawings, projection methods. Technische Zeichnungen - Projektionsmethoden - Teil 1: bersicht (IS0 5456-1 : 1996) This standard incorporates International
2、Standard IS0 5456-1 Technical drawings - Projection methods - Part 1 : Synopsis. National foreword This standard has been prepared by ISO/TC 1 O. The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschu Technische Produkt- dokumentation (Technical Product Documentation Standards
3、 Committee). The DIN Standards corresponding to the International Standards referred to in clause 2 of the IS0 Standard are as follows: IS0 Standard DIN Standards IS0 128 IS0 1503 DIN 33417 DIN 6-1, DIN 6-2, DIN 15-2, DIN 201, DIN IS0 128-20, DIN IS0 128-21, and DIN IS0 10209-2 IS0 5456-2 DIN IS0 54
4、56-2 IS0 5456-3 DIN IS0 5456-3 IS0 5456-4 DIN IS0 5456-4 IS0 10209-1 DIN 199-1 and DIN 199-2 IS0 10209-2 DIN IS0 10209-2 National Annex NA Standards referred to (and not included in Normative references) DIN 6-1 DIN 6-2 DIN 15-2 DIN 199-1 DIN 199-2 DIN 201 DIN 3341 7 Technical drawings - Representat
5、ion in normal projection -Views and special representations Technical drawings - Representation in normal projection - Sectional views Technical drawings - Lines - General application Terminology associated with drawings and item lists - Drawings Terminology associated with drawings and parts lists
6、- Parts lists Technical drawings - Hatching to indicate sections Indication of geometrical orientation and directions of movement IS0 Standard comprises 4 pages. No pari of this standard may be reproduced without the prior permission of Ref. No. DIN IS0 5456-1 : 1998-0 Y Deutsches Institut fr Normun
7、g e. V., Berlin. wth Verlag GmbH, D-10772 Berlin, has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen). - English price group O7 Sales No . . 0407 09.98 Page 1 IS0 5456-1 : 1996 Technical drawings - Projection methods Part 1 : Synopsis Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for St
8、andardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the rig
9、ht to be rep- resented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft Inter
10、national Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard IS0 5456-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 1 O, Te
11、chnical drawings, product definition and related documen- rarion, Subcommittee SC 1, Basic conventions. IS0 5456 consists of the following parts, under the general title Technical drawings - Projection methods: - Part I: Synopsis - Part 2: Orthographic representations - Part 3: Axonometric represent
12、ations - Part 4: Central projection Annex A of this part of IS0 5456 is for information only. Introduction In the broad field of technical activities, various projection methods are used to represent objects. All these methods have their own merits, but also their in he rent disadvantages. The norma
13、l technical drawing is often an orthogonal projection, in which related representations of more than one view are utilized (see IS0 5456-2) to draw and completely define any object by means of carefully chosen views, cuts and sections. However, the execution of such two-dimensional representations r
14、equires an understanding of both the projection method and its interpretation, so that the observer will be able to synthesize the single views into a three- dimensional object. For many technical fields and their stages of development, however, it is necessary to provide an easily understood pictur
15、e to observers. Such drawings, called pictorial representation, provide a three-dimensional view of an object as it would appear to the observer. No special technical train- ing for reading pictorial representations is necessary. Page 2 IS0 5456-1 : 1996 1 Scope Pictorial representations may be pres
16、ented on their own or may sup- plement orthogonal drawings. Various methods of pictorial representations exist, but their nomenclatures differ, and may be used even contradictorily. The steady increase in global technical intercommunication, as well as the evolution of methods of computer-aided desi
17、gn and draughting with their various types of three-dimensional representations, suggest the need for ISO/TC 1 O to clarify this problem. The rules and conventions given in IS0 5456 should be used, in accord- ance with IS0 128, for all types of technical drawings and in all fields of technical activ
18、ities, such as: - mechanical and construction drawings; - manuals and instruction books; - X-ray views; - exploded views. This part of IS0 5456 gives a survey of the various types of projection methods as well as their geo- metric relationships. Parts 2 to 4 specify details for the selection and app
19、lication of the various projection methods. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of IS0 5456. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, a
20、nd parties to agreements based on this part of IS0 5456 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IS0 1503: 1977, Geometrical orientation a
21、nd directions of movements. IS0 5456-2:1996, Technical drawings - Projection methods - Part 2: Orthographic representations. IS0 5456-3: 1996, Technical drawings - Projection methods - Part 3: Axonometric representations. IS0 5456-4:1996, Technical drawings - Projection methods - Part 4: Central pro
22、jection. IS0 102091 : 1992, Technical product documentation - Vocabulary - Part 7: Terms relating to technical drawings: general and types of drawings. IS0 10209-2: 1 993, Technical product documentation - Vocabulary - Part 2: Terms relating to projection methods. 3 Definitions For the purposes of t
23、his part of IS0 5456, the defi- nitions given in IS0 10209-1 and IS0 10209-2 and the following definitions apply. 3.1 pictorial representation: Parallel or central projection on a single projection plane giving a three- dimensional image of an object. 3.2 true view: View of the features of an object
24、 that lie on a plane parallel to the projection plane; geo- metrically similar to the corresponding features of the object. 3.3 exploded view: Drawing of an assembly in pictorial representation in which all the components are drawn to the same scale and correctly orientated relative to each other, b
25、ut are separated from each other in their correct sequence along common axes. NOTE 1 This term should not be confused with represen- tations where a covering layer is removed in order to show inner portions like those presented in section (cut-away view). 3.4 principal view: View of an object showin
26、g the important features, which may be chosen from the point of view of design, assembly, sales, service or maintenance. 4 Survey of projection methods Projection methods are defined by: - the type of projectors, which may be either paral- le1 or convergent; Page 3 IS0 5456-1 : 1996 - the position o
27、f the projection plane in relation to the projectors, either orthogonal or oblique; - the position of the object (its main features), which may be either parallel/orthogonal or oblique to the projection plane. A survey of the various possibilities and their relation- ships is given in table I. 5 Geo
28、metrical orientation Geometrical orientation in space is given by coordi- nate axes and coordinate planes in accordance with the arrangement given by the right-hand rule (see IS0 1503). 5.1 Coordinate axes Coordinate axes are imaginary lines in space which intersect at right angles to each other at
29、the origin. There are three coordinate axes: X, Y and Z (see figure 11, to be designated by capital letters. L t Coordinate axis X Origin I- Figure l 5.2 Coordinate planes Three imaginary planes in space which intersect each other at right angles. Each of the three coordinate planes is defined by tw
30、o coordinate axes and includes the origin. They are designated by capital letters XY, YZ and XZ (see figure 2). NOTE 2 Coordinate planes and projection planes are not always the same, therefore, if necessary, appropriate indication (designation) should be shown on the drawing. Coordinate plane XZ k
31、7 Coordinate plane Y2 X Coordinate plane XY Figure 2 6 Invariables Depending on the projection method chosen, certain features of the object are represented in true view as follows: 6.1 The central projection invariable is: - the size of angles in planes which are parallel to the projection plane; t
32、herefore the projection plane figures lying in planes parallel to the projec- tion plane are similar. 6.2 Oblique projection invariables are: - the parallelism of lines, unless they are parallel to the projection lines; - the divisional ratio of lines; - the size of angles, length of lines and all p
33、lane figures in planes parallel to the projection plane. 6.3 Orthogonal projection invariables are: - the parallelism of lines, unless they are parallel to the projection lines; - the divisional ratio of lines; - the size of angles, length of lines and all plane figures in planes parallel to the pro
34、jection plane; - right angles, if one side of the right angle in the object is parallel to the projection plane. Page 4 IS0 5456-1 : 1996 Position of Main features of Projection projection plane the object in relation to Droiectors to proiection dane centre Number of projection Type of view Type of
35、projection planes Infinite (parallel projectors) I Annex A (informative) Orthogonal Parallel/orthogonal One or more Two-dimensional (Ise 5456-2) Axonometric 1 Orthogonal Oblique One Three-dimensional I Parallel/orthogonai One Three-dimensional (IS0 5456-3) I Oblique Oblique One Three-dimensional Bibliography II I IS0 128:1982, Technical drawings - General principles of presentation.
