1、 Standard ECMA-2872ndedition - December 2002 International Standardizing Information and Communication Systems Safety of electronic equipment Phone: +41 22 849.60.00 - Fax: +41 22 849.60.01 - URL: http:/www.ecma.ch - Internet: helpdeskecma.ch . Standard ECMA-2872ndedition - December 2002 Internation
2、al Standardizing Information and Communication Systems Safety of electronic equipment Phone: +41 22 849.60.00 - Fax: +41 22 849.60.01 - URL: http:/www.ecma.ch - Internet: helpdeskecma.ch LL Ecma-287.doc 13-11-02 15,26 . Brief History The advent of multimedia products has blurred the borderline betwe
3、en different classes of products, like IT equipment, audio-video equipment, communication equipment, and the environment within which the equipment is used. Personal computers which used to be connected only to printers and occasionally modems are now frequently connected to audio amplifiers, loudsp
4、eakers, scanners, video and audio tape recorders or TV sets. The environment has changed from the office (or home office), to include all the rooms of the house, and, for portable equipment, outdoor leisure areas. The age of the user and of the bystander is continuously reducing. This changing situa
5、tion has generated a new set of conditions that are to be taken into account when designing new equipment. In order to take into account these conditions ECMA has prepared the first edition of Standard ECMA-287. Included in the scope of the Standard are ICT equipment, audio and video equipment, and
6、in general electronic equipment with a rated voltage not exceeding 600 V and intended for domestic or professional use and environment. The equipment may be an independent unit or a system of interconnected units. The philosophy applied to this new Standard has been to define hazard-based requiremen
7、ts, using engineering principles and taking into account relevant IEC product standards and pilot safety documents. Where technical discrepancies between standards emerged, a conclusion was based on engineering principles. For the preparation of the second edition ECMA has opened TC12 to representat
8、ives of EICTA members, JEITA members and of test houses. The structure of the standard has been presented at meetings held in Japan, the United States and Europe, in order to make designers and test house representatives aware of the work in ECMA. The final draft of the second edition has been contr
9、ibuted to IEC TC108 to be used by the “Hazard Based Development Team”. During the development of this second edition, ECMA TC12 came across a number of issues where TC12 could not reach consensus or where TC12, because of time constraints was not able to find a proper solution. A list of these issue
10、s has been provided to IEC TC108 with the request that IEC TC108 takes those issues into account when producing the new IEC standard that is based on this ECMA Standard. This ECMA Standard has been adopted by the ECMA General Assembly of 19thDecember 2002 - i - Table of contents 1 Guidance principle
11、s and basic information 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Additional requirements 2 1.3 References 2 1.4 Acronyms 3 2 Definitions 4 2.1 Abnormal condition 4 2.2 Basic insulation 4 2.3 Clearance 4 2.4 Creepage distance 4 2.5 Disconnect device 4 2.6 Double insulation 4 2.7 Electrical enclosure 4 2.8 Enclosure 4 2.9 E
12、xternal circuit 4 2.10 Fire enclosure 4 2.11 Functional insulation 4 2.12 Instructed person 4 2.13 Intermittent operation 5 2.14 Mains 5 2.15 Mains transient voltage 5 2.16 Mechanical enclosure 5 2.17 Non-detachable power supply cord 5 2.18 Normal condition 5 2.19 Ordinary person 5 2.20 Peak working
13、 voltage 5 2.21 Permanently connected equipment 5 2.22 Pluggable equipment type A 5 2.23 Pluggable equipment type B 5 2.24 Pollution degree 5 2.25 Potential ignition source 5 2.26 Potential ignition source 1 5 2.27 Potential ignition source 2 6 2.28 Principal safeguard 6 2.29 Protective conductor 6
14、2.30 Protective bonding conductor 6 2.31 Protective earthing conductor 6 2.32 Rated current 6 2.33 Rated frequency 6 2.34 Rated voltage 6 2.35 Reinforced insulation 6 2.36 Reinforced safeguard 6 - ii - 2.37 Required withstand voltage 6 2.38 Ripple-free 6 2.39 Safeguard 6 2.40 Safety interlock 7 2.41
15、 Short-time operation 7 2.42 Skilled person 7 2.43 Stationary equipment 7 2.44 Supplementary insulation 7 2.45 Supplementary safeguard 7 2.46 Temperature limiter 7 2.47 Thermal cut-out 7 2.48 Thermostat 7 2.49 Transportable equipment 7 2.50 Tool 7 2.51 Touch current 7 2.52 Working voltage 7 3 Electr
16、ic shock hazards 8 3.1 Electrical parameters relating to the human body 8 3.2 Electric shock energy sources 8 3.2.1 Classification 8 3.2.2 Limits 9 3.3 Protection against energy sources 12 3.3.1 Protection of ordinary persons 12 3.3.2 Protection of instructed persons 13 3.3.3 Protection of skilled p
17、ersons 13 3.3.4 Safeguards between ES 1; ES 2 and ES 3 13 3.4 Accessible parts 13 3.4.1 Compliance in general 14 3.5 Safeguard 14 3.5.1 Principal safeguard 14 3.5.2 Supplementary safeguards 14 3.5.3 Reinforced safeguard 14 3.5.4 Double safeguard 15 3.6 Insulation system 15 3.6.1 General 15 3.6.2 Cle
18、arances 17 3.6.3 Creepage distances 22 3.6.4 Solid insulation 25 3.6.5 Construction of printed boards 31 3.6.6 Component external terminations 34 3.6.7 Antenna terminals 34 3.6.8 Insulation on internal wiring 34 3.6.9 Tests on coated printed boards 35 3.6.10 Thermal cycling 37 3.6.11 Test for Pollut
19、ion Degree 1 environment and for an insulating compound 37 - iii - 3.6.12 Tests for semiconductor components and for cemented joints 38 3.6.13 Humidity conditioning 38 3.6.14 Dielectric strength test 38 3.7 Components as safeguards 39 3.7.1 Components as principal safeguard and supplementary safegua
20、rd 39 3.7.2 Components as reinforced safeguard 41 3.8 Protective conductor 42 3.8.1 Generic requirements 42 3.8.2 Colour of insulation 42 3.8.3 Protective conductors as principal safeguard between ES 1 and ES 2 42 3.8.4 Protective conductors as supplementary safeguard 43 3.8.5 Protective conductors
21、as reinforced safeguard 46 4 Fire hazards 47 4.1 Power sources and potential ignition sources 47 4.1.1 Electric power source classification and circuits 47 4.1.2 Potential ignition sources 47 4.2 Fire hazards under normal condition 50 4.2.1 Requirements 50 4.2.2 Test method 50 4.3 Fire hazards under
22、 abnormal conditions 50 4.3.2 Method 1: prevention of a fire hazard under abnormal condition in PS 1 circuits 50 4.3.3 Method 1: prevention of a fire hazard under abnormal condition in PS 2 circuits 50 4.3.4 Method 1: prevention of a fire hazard under abnormal condition in a PS 3 circuit 51 4.3.5 Me
23、thod 2: prevention of a fire hazard under abnormal condition in PS 1 circuits 56 4.3.6 Method 2: prevention of a fire hazard under abnormal condition in PS 2 and PS 3 circuits 56 4.3.7 Mains cord and mains wiring 59 4.4 Flammable liquids and vapours 59 4.4.1 Test method 60 4.4.2 Compliance criteria
24、60 4.5 Batteries 60 4.6 Fire hazard due to entering of foreign objects 60 4.6.1 Requirements 60 4.6.2 Test method 61 5 Burn Hazard 62 5.1 Access to hot surfaces 62 5.1.1 Requirements 62 5.1.2 Test method 63 5.1.3 Compliance criteria 63 5.2 Bridging of conductive parts 63 5.2.1 Requirements 63 5.2.2
25、Test method 63 5.2.3 Compliance criteria 64 6 Mechanical hazards 65 - iv - 6.1 Sharp edges and corners 65 6.1.1 Test method 65 6.2 Hazardous rotating or otherwise moving parts 65 6.2.1 Test method 65 6.3 Loosening, exploding or imploding parts 66 6.3.1 Test method 66 6.4 Instability of equipment 66
26、6.4.1 Test method 66 6.4.2 Compliance criteria 67 7 Radiation 68 7.1 Laser radiation 68 7.1.1 Test method 68 7.2 Ionising radiation 68 7.2.1 Test method 68 8 Chemical hazards 69 8.1 Hazardous chemicals 69 8.1.1 Test method 69 8.2 Ozone 70 8.2.1 Test method 70 8.3 Dust, particulates, liquids, or gase
27、s 70 8.3.1 Test method 70 8.3.2 Compliance criteria 70 Annex A (informative) Examples of equipment within the scope of this Standard 73 Annex B (normative) General conditions for tests 75 B.1 Applicability of requirements 75 B.2 Type of tests 75 B.3 Test samples 75 B.4 Conditions for tests 75 B.4.1
28、General 75 B.4.2 Supply voltage 76 B.4.3 Supply frequency 76 B.4.4 Input current 76 B.4.5 Conditions for audio amplifiers 76 B.4.6. Conditions for video displays 77 B.4.7 Malfunction of the equipment 77 B.5 Temperature measurement conditions 77 B.6 Temperature measurement methods 78 - v - B.7 Simula
29、ted abnormal conditions 78 B.7.1 Abnormal conditions introduced by an ordinary person 78 B.7.1.1 Covering of ventilation openings 78 B.7.1.2 Setting of voltage selector 78 B.7.1.3 Maximum load at output terminals 78 B.7.1.4 Step-up of supply voltage 78 B.7.1.5 Reverse battery polarity 79 B.7.1.6 Blo
30、cking of motors 79 B.7.1.7 Maximum power to audio amplifier 79 B.7.2 Single fault conditions 79 B.7.2.1 Short circuit of functional insulation on coated and uncoated printed circuit boards 79 B.7.2.2 Short circuit of functional insulation of clearances 80 B.7.2.3 Short circuit of electrodes in tubes
31、 and semiconductors 81 B.7.2.4 Short circuit or disconnect of passive components 81 B.7.2.5 Earth faults of heating elements 81 B.7.2.6 Continuous operation of components 81 B.7.3 Overload conditions 82 B.7.3.1 Overload test on transformers 82 B.7.3.2 Overload tests on motors 82 Annex C (informative
32、) Bibliography 85 Annex D (normative) Test generators 87 D.1 General 87 D.2 ITU-T test generators 87 D.3 Antenna interface test generator 88 Annex E (normative) Measuring network for touch currents 89 Annex F (normative) Marking and instructions 91 F.1 Introduction 91 F.2 Marking 91 F.2.1 General 91
33、 F.2.1.1 Identification 91 F.2.1.2 Supply ratings 92 F.2.1.3 Terminals and operating devices 92 F.2.1.4 Equipment classification 94 F.2.2 Test method 94 F.2.2.1 Test on the permanence of the marking 94 F.2.2.2 Measurement of power or current 94 F.2.3 Compliance criteria 94 F.2.3.1 Rubbing test 94 -
34、vi - F.2.3.2 Measurement of power or current 94 F.3 Instructions 94 F.3.1 General 94 F.3.1.1 Other information 96 F.3.2 Test method 96 F.3.3 Compliance criteria 96 Annex G (normative) Components 97 G.1 Switches 97 G.1.1 Test method 97 G.1.2 Compliance criteria 97 G.2 Thermal cut-outs 97 G.2.1 Test m
35、ethod 98 G.2.2 Compliance 98 G.3 Thermal links 99 G.3.1 Test method 99 G.4 PTC-S thermistors 99 G.4.1 Test method 99 G.5 Protective devices not mentioned in G.2 to G.4 99 G.5.1 Test method 99 G.5.2 Compliance criteria 99 G.6 High voltage components and assemblies 100 G.6.1 Test method 100 G.7 Transf
36、ormers 100 G.7.1 General 101 G.7.2 Insulation 101 G.7.2.1 Test method 101 G.7.3 Requirements after overload test 102 G.8 Motors 103 G.8.1 General requirements 103 G.8.2 Compliance criteria 103 G.8.2.1 Maximum temperatures 103 G.8.2.2 Locked-rotor overload test 104 G.8.2.3 Running overload test for d
37、.c. motors 104 G.8.2.4 Locked-rotor overload test for d.c. motors 104 G.8.2.5 Test for series motors 104 G.9 Mains supply cords 104 G.9.1 Test method 105 - vii - G.9.2 Compliance criteria 105 G.10 Voltage dependent resistors (VDRs) 106 G.10.1 General 106 G.10.2 Component properties 106 G.10.3 Protec
38、tion of VDRs 106 Annex H (normative) Criteria for telephone ringing signals 107 H.1 Introduction 107 H.2 Method A 107 H.3 Method B 110 H.3.1 Ringing signal 110 H.3.1.1 Frequency 110 H.3.1.2 Voltage 110 H.3.1.3 Cadence 110 H.3.1.4 Single fault current 110 H.3.2 Tripping device and monitoring voltage
39、110 H.3.2.1 Conditions for use of a tripping device or a monitoring voltage 110 H.3.2.2 Tripping device 111 H.3.2.3 Monitoring voltage 111 Annex J (informative) Overvoltage Categories (see 3.6.2) 113 Annex K (normative) Insulated winding wires for use without interleaved insulation 115 K.1 General 1
40、15 K.2 Sampling tests 115 K.2.1 Dielectric strength 115 K.2.2 Flexibility and adherence 115 K.2.3 Heat shock 115 K.2.4 Retention of dielectric strength after bending 116 K.3 Testing during manufacture 116 K.3.1 Routine test 116 K.3.2 Sampling test 116 Annex L (normative) Safety interlocks 117 L.1 Ge
41、neral requirements 117 L.1.1 Test method 117 L.2 Inadvertent reactivation 117 L.2.1 Test method 117 L.3 Fail-safe operation 118 - viii - L.3.1 Test method 118 L.4 Override 118 L.4.1 Test method 118 L.5 Mechanically operated interlock switches 118 L.5.1 Contact gaps 118 L.5.1.1 Test method 118 L.5.2
42、Reliability 119 L.5.2.1 Test method 119 Annex M (normative) Disconnect devices 121 M.1 General requirements 121 M.1.1 Permanently connected equipment 121 M.1.2 Parts which remain energised 121 M.1.3 Switches in flexible cords 121 M.1.4 Single phase equipment 121 M.1.5 Three-phase equipment 121 M.1.6
43、 Switches as disconnect devices 122 M.1.7 Plugs as disconnect devices 122 M.1.8 Devices for pluggable equipment 122 M.1.9 Multiple power sources 122 M.2 Test method 122 Annex N (normative) Batteries 123 N.1 Requirements: 123 N.2 Test method 123 Annex P (normative) Table of electrochemical potentials
44、 125 Annex Q (normative) Measurement of creepage distances and clearances 127 Annex R (reserved for future work) 133 Annex S (normative) Limited power sources 135 S.1 Definition 135 S.2 Test method 135 Annex T (normative) Constructional requirements for potential ignition sources 1 and 2 137 T.1 Gen
45、eral 137 - ix - Annex U (normative) Tests for resistance to heat and fire 141 U.1 Flammability test for fire enclosures of transportable equipment having a total mass not exceeding 18 kg, and for material and components located within fire enclosures 141 U.1.1 Samples 141 U.1.2 Conditioning of sampl
46、es 141 U.1.3 Mounting of samples 141 U.1.4 Test flame 141 U.1.5 Test procedure 141 U.1.6 Compliance criteria 141 U.1.7 Alternative test 142 U.2 Flammability tests for the bottom of fire enclosures 142 U.2.1 Mounting of samples 142 U.2.2 Test procedure 142 U.2.3 Compliance criteria 142 U.3 Flammabili
47、ty test for high voltage cables 142 U.4 Flammability classification of materials 143 Annex V (normative) Tests for enclosures 145 V.1 Steady force test, 30 N 145 V.2 Impact test 145 Annex W (normative) Mechanical strength of picture tubes and protection against the effects of implosion 147 W.1 Gener
48、al 147 W.1.1 Test method 147 W.2 Non-intrinsically protected picture tubes 147 W.2.1 Test method 147 W.2.2 Compliance criteria 147 1 Guidance principles and basic information 1.1 Scope The requirements and tests specified in this Standard apply only if safety is involved. NOTE In order to establish
49、whether or not safety is involved, the circuits and construction should be carefully investigated by means of fault tree analysis, failure modes and effect analysis, or similar techniques, to take into account the normal conditions and the consequences of possible failure of components. This Standard does not include requirements for performance or functional characteristics of equipment. Applicability This Standard is applicable to electronic equipment with a RATED VOLTAGE not exceeding 600 V r.m.s. or 600 V d.c. and intended for domestic or professional
