1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 1007-3:2002 Advanced technical ceramics Ceramic composites Methods of test for reinforcement Part 3: Determination of filament diameter and cross-section area The European Standard EN 1007-3:2002 has the status of a British Standard ICS 81.060.30 BS EN 1007-3:2002 This British
2、 Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 6 March 2003 BSI 6 March 2003 ISBN 0 580 41374 8 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 1007-3:2002. It supersedes DD ENV 1007-3:1994 which is withdrawn. The
3、UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee RPI/13, Advanced technical ceramics, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement int
4、ernational or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not pu
5、rport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European commit
6、tee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 9
7、and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEANSTANDARD NORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHENORM EN10073 September2002 ICS81.060.30 SupersedesENV10073:1993 Englishversion Advanced
8、technicalceramicsCeramiccompositesMethods oftestforreinforcementPart3:Determinationoffilament diameterandcrosssectionarea CramiquestechniquesavancesCramiques compositesMthodesdessaipourrenforcementsPartie 3:Dterminationdudiamtredesfilaments HochleistungskeramikKeramischeVerbundwerkstoffe Verfahrenzu
9、rPrfungderFaserverstrkungenTeil3: BestimmungdesFaserdurchmessersundquerschnitts ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon6July2002. CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEurope an Standardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.U
10、ptodatelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcernings uchnational standardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheManagementCentreortoanyCENmember. ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytra nslation undertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsown
11、languageandnotifiedtotheManagementCentrehasthesamestatusasthe official versions. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Greece, Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom.
12、EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2002CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.EN10073:2002EEN10073:2002(E) 2 Contents page Foreword .3 1 S
13、cope .4 2 Principle .4 3 Sampling 4 4 Longitudinalprofilemethod(MethodA) .4 4.1 Introduction 4 4.2 Apparatus.4 4.3 Calibration5 4.4 Procedure.5 4.5 Calculationofresults 5 5 Transversesectionmethod(MethodB) .6 5.1 Introduction 6 5.2 Apparatus.6 5.3 Samplepreparation 6 5.4 Procedure.6 5.5 Calculationo
14、fresults 6 6 Laserinterferometrymethod(MethodC) .7 6.1 Introduction 7 6.2 Apparatus.7 6.3 Samplepreparation 7 6.4 Procedure.8 6.5 Calculationofresults 9 7 Testreport. .9EN10073:2002(E) 3 Foreword Thisdocument(EN10073:2002)hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC184“Advancedtechnical ceramics“,these
15、cretariatofwhichisheldbyBSI. ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusofanationalstandard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextor byendorsement,atthelatestbyMarch2003,andconflictingnationalstandardsshallbewithdrawnatthelatestby March2003. ThisdocumentsupersedesENV10073:1993. EN1007hassixparts: EN 100
16、71 Part1:Determinationofsizecontent. EN 10072 Part2:Determinationoflineardensity. EN 10073 Part3:Determinationoffilamentdiameterandcrosssectionarea. prEN 10074 Part4:Determinationoftensilepropertiesoffilamentatambienttemperature. prEN 10075 Part5:Determinationofdistributionoftensilestrengthandoftens
17、ilestraintofailureof filamentswithinamultifilamenttowatambienttemperature. ENV 10076 Part6:Determinationoftensilepropertiesoffilamentathightemperature. AccordingtotheCEN/CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorganizationsofthefollowing countriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austri
18、a,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Finland, France,Germany,Greece,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Spain, Sweden,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom.EN10073:2002(E) 4 1Scope ThispartoftheEuropeanStandardspecifiestheconditionsforthedeterminationofthediameterandcrosssection a
19、reaofceramicsinglefilament,asusedinfibrereinforcementofceramiccompositesforthreemethods. NOTE Thecrosssectionalareaoffilamentsfromdifferentsupplierswillvarysignificantly.Theterm“diameter”appliesboth tocircularcrosssection(“truediameter”)andnoncircularcrosssections(“apparentdiameter”). 2Principle The
20、diameterandcrosssectionareaoftheceramicfilamentmaybemeasuredbythreemethods,asfollows: a) thelongitudinalprofilemethod(MethodA),whichdeterminesthefilamentdiameterbyopticalmicroscopy.This isusedforfilamentswhichhaveacircularcrosssection; b) thetransversesectionmethod(MethodB),whichdeterminesthefilamen
21、tdiameterandthecrosssectional areabyopticalmicroscopy.Thisismainlyusedforfilamentswhichhaveanoncircularcrosssection; c) thelasermethod(MethodC)whichdeterminestheapparentfilamentdiameterbylaserinterferometry.Thisis usedforfilamentswhichhaveacircularcrosssection. 3Sampling Take25ceramicfilamentsatrand
22、omfromeachsampleunit,formeasurementbyoneofthethreemethods.Ifany rulesofsamplingareused,theseshallbereported(seeclause7). 4 Longitudinalprofilemethod(MethodA) 4.1Introduction Thediameterofthefilamentismeasuredbyopticalmicroscopy,bymeasuringthedistancewhichseparatesthe twoedgesofasinglefilamentexamine
23、dinalongitudinaldirection. 4.2Apparatus Themicroscopeshallbefittedwithalightsource,asubstagecondenser,astage,anobjectiveandamicrometer eyepiece.Thiseyepieceiseitherfittedwithtwofixedorthogonalwiresandadoublewireparalleltooneofthetwo directions(seeFigure1),ormaybeofthedoublecurtaintypewhichusessemiop
24、aqueblindswhicharemovedby amicrometredevice. Thestageshallmoveintwohorizontalplanesperpendiculartoeachotherandmayberotatedaboutaverticalaxis. Theobjectiveandtheselectedeyepieceshallhaveamagnificationofatleast1000timesformeasurementof filamentdiameter,andalsoofabout100timesforfilamentidentification.
25、Theimmersionmediumforthefilamentsamplesshallhavearefractiveindexofbetween1,43and1,53when measuredat10C.Themediumshallnotbehygroscopicorreactwiththefilament. NOTE Cedaroilandparaffinaresuitable.EN10073:2002(E) 5 Key 1 Singlefixed 2 Singlefilament 3 Doublewire Figure1Theprincipleofthemicrometereyepiec
26、e(MethodA) 4.3Calibration Themicroscopeshallbecalibratedbyusingatraceablycalibratedstagemicrometerandamicrometereyepiece. Thisoperationconsistsofdeterminingthecalibrationconstant,whichisthenumberofgraduationsofthedrum whichcorrespondtoamovementofonemicrometreonthestagemicrometre. 4.4Procedure Mounts
27、everalsmalllengthsofceramicfibrecutfromamultifilamenttowsampleonamicroscopeslide,suitably spreadout,addafewdropsoftheimmersionmedium,andcoverwithamicroscopecoverslip. Selectoneofthesefibrespecimensandscanitbymovingthestagetopositionthelightbeamonit.Focusthe graticulebymeansoftheeyepiece. Rotatetheey
28、epieceorthestageinordertoobservethedoublewire(see4.2)exactlyparalleltotheaxisofthe filamentbeingmeasured.Focusonthisfilamentandthenbringthedoublewiretocoincidesuccessivelywiththe twosidesofthefilamentimage.Readthenumberofgraduationsofthedrumwhichresultsfrompassingfromone ofthesepositionstotheother.
29、4.5 Calculationofresults Calculatethediameterofthefilamentfromthefollowingexpression: n N d R = where d isthefilamentdiameter,expressedinmicrometers(m); N R isthenumberofgraduationsofthedrum(see4.4); n isthecalibrationconstant(see4.3).EN10073:2002(E) 6 5 Transversesectionmethod(MethodB) 5.1Introduct
30、ion Thesampleofceramicmultifilamenttowisembeddedinaresinblock,theblockispolishedonafacenormaltothe axisofthefilamentandthecrosssectionalareadeterminedbyopticalmicroscopy. 5.2Apparatus 5.2.1 Reflectedlightopticalmicroscope. 5.2.2 Planimeterorimageanalyzer. 5.2.3 Polishingmachine. 5.2.4 Resinforsample
31、preparationandmeansforitsstorageinamould. 5.3 Samplepreparation Choosearesinwhichpermitsgoodadhesionbetweentheceramicfilamentandthematrix,withminimalshrinkage. Positionthesamplesothatthemultifilamenttowisperpendiculartothefaceoftheresinblockwhichistobe polishedandexamined.Pourtheresinintothemouldaro
32、undthemultifilamenttowandpolymerizetheresin accordingtoaknowntemperaturetimecycle. Coolandthenpolishtheselectedsurfaceuntilnoscratchesarevisibleonthesurfaceoftheresinblock. 5.4Procedure Selectamagnificationofbetween1000timesand1500times.Ifpossible,polarisedlightwithcrossedpolarizer andanalyzerandaha
33、lfwavelengthplateshouldbeusedtoimprovethedefinitionandcontrastoftheimage.When aninvertedmicroscopeisused,thefaceofthespecimenmaybeplacedonthestageandisthusnormaltothe opticalaxis. Measurethecrosssectionalareaofeachfilamentbyplanimetry,usingeitheraphotographofknownmagnification oranimageanalyzer.Thea
34、ctualmagnificationiscalculatedbyphotographingastagemicrometer(see4.3)under thesameconditions. Measure,byeithertheplanimeterorimageanalyzer,thecrosssectionalareaofeachfilamentimage.Dividethis valuebythesquareofthemagnificationtogivethecrosssectionalareaofthefilament. 5.5 Calculationofresults Calculat
35、ethefilamentdiameterfromthefollowingexpression: p S d e 2 = where d e istheequivalentfilamentdiameter,expressedinmicrometers(m); S isthecrosssectionalareaofthefilament,expressedinsquaremicrometers(m 2 ). Forfilamentswithcircularcrosssection,thefilamentdiametercanbecalculateddirectly.EN10073:2002(E)
36、7 6 Laserinterferometrymethod(MethodC) 6.1Introduction Thediffractionimageobtainedwhenafilamentisilluminatedbyalaserbeamisobservedonascreenandthe distancebetweendiffractionfringesismeasured. 6.2Apparatus 6.2.1 Lowpoweredlaser NOTE Asuitabletypeisaheliumneonlaserwithmonochromaticnonpolarisedlight,ofw
37、avelength632,8nmandpower 0,5mW. 6.2.2 Verticalsupport,mountedonaplatformabletobedisplacedintwoperpendiculardirections,verticaland horizontal. 6.2.3 Projectionscreen,theplaneofwhichisperpendiculartothelaserbeam(seeFigure2). Key 1 Laser 4 Grip 2 Elevatorsupport 5 Testspecimen 3 Support 6 Screen Figure
38、2Arrangementforlaserinterferometry(MethodC) 6.3 Samplepreparation UseamountingtabforpreparationofthefilamentspecimenasshowninFigure3.Centrethespecimenoverthe tabslotwithoneendtapedtothetabandlightlystretchthefilamentonthemountingtabaxis.Tapetheopposite endofthefilamenttothetab. Carefullyplaceasmalla
39、mountofadhesiveonthefilamentateachedgeoftheslot(seeFigure3)andbondthe filamenttothemountingtab.Thelengthofthefilamentshallbebetween10mmand50mm. Placethefilamentspecimeninthemountingtabbetweenthelaserandthescreen.EN10073:2002(E) 8 Dimensionsinmillimetres Key 1 Centreline 2 Singlefilamenttestspecimen
40、3 Adhesive Figure3Mountingtabwithfilament(MethodC) 6.4Procedure Measuretheinterfringedistance,2 I,to0,5mmusingagraduatedrule,asshowninFigure4. Key 1 Darkzone 3b Mediumofthelightzone 2 Lightzone 4 Impactofdirectbeam 3a Mediumofthedarkzone Figure4Definitionoflaserinterferencefringe(MethodC) Measurethe
41、distancebetweenthespecimenandthescreen,whichshallbegreaterthan500mm.EN10073:2002(E) 9 6.5 Calculationofresults Calculatethefilamentdiameterfromtheexpression: 3 10 - = . . i D d l where d isthefilamentdiameter,expressedinmicrometre(m); i istheinterfringedistance,expressedinmillimetre(mm); l isthewave
42、lengthofthelaserbeam,expressedinnanometre(nm); D isthedistancebetweenthespecimenandthescreen,expressedinmillimetre(mm). 7 Testreport Thetestreportshallcontainatleastthefollowinginformation: a) thenameofthetestingestablishment; b) dateofthetest,reportidentificationandnumber,operator,signatory; c) are
43、ferencetothisEuropeanStandard,i.e.“DeterminedinaccordancewithEN10073”; d) adescriptionofthetestmaterial:typeoffilament,batchnumber,dateofreceipt; e) themethodofmeasurementselected,MethodA,MethodBorMethodC(seeclause2); f) thetypeofdiametermeasured(seeclause1); g) therulesofsamplingorsamplingplansused,ifany(seeclause3); h) thenumberoffilamentsmeasured(seeclause3); i) themeanfilamentdiameterorcrosssectionareaandtherangeofmeasurements; j) whererequired,themeanfilamentcrosssectionalareaan
