1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 12198-3:2002 Safety of machinery Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by machinery Part 3: Reduction of radiation by attenuation or screeningICS 13.110; 13.280 +A1:2008BS EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008 This British Standard, was published under the authori
2、ty of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 6 December 2002 BSI 2009 ISBN 978 0 580 61862 8 National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008. It supersedes BS EN 12198-3:2002 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted
3、 to Technical Committee MCE/3, Safeguarding of machinery. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Com
4、pliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Comments 30 June 2009 Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2008 The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags. Tags indi
5、cating changes to CEN text carry the number of the CEN amendment. For example, text altered by CEN amendment A1 is indicated by . EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 12198-3:2002+A1 August 2008 ICS 13.110; 13.280 Supersedes EN 12198-3:2002 English Version Safety of machinery - Asses
6、sment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by machinery - Part 3: Reduction of radiation by attenuation or screening Scurit des machines - Estimation et rduction des risques engendrs par les rayonnements mis par les machines - Partie 3: Rduction du rayonnement par attnuation ou par
7、crans Sicherheit von Maschinen - Bewertung und Verminderung des Risikos der von Maschinen emittierten Strahlung - Teil 3: Verminderung der Strahlung durch Abschwchung oder Abschirmung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 October 2002 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 18 July 20
8、08. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained
9、on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management
10、Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, P
11、oland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and
12、 by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008: EBS EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008 EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 2 Contents Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Classification of radiation.5 5 Procedure for redu
13、cing radiation emission levels by design .6 6 Strategy for design of shield 6 6.1 Design target6 6.2 Characterization of all the radiation sources7 6.3 Radiation fields, beam geometry access and enclosure.7 6.4 Review available of attenuating material 8 6.5 Assess of environmental conditions.9 6.6 D
14、esign requirements .9 6.7 Manufacture prototype11 6.8 Determination of the effectiveness of the shielding 11 6.9 Compare with desired levels set in step 1 and if necessary, modify design 11 6.10 Prepare documentation for users 11 Annex ZA (informative) ! ! ! !Relationship between this European Stand
15、ard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC“ “ “ “.12 Annex ZB (informative) ! ! ! !Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC“ “ “ “.13 BS EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008 EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 1219
16、8-3:2002+A1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN /TC 114 “Safety of machinery“, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2009
17、, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2009. This document supersedes EN 12198-3:2002. This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2008-07-18. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !“. Th
18、is document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EC Directive(s). !For relationship with EC Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this document.
19、“ This European Standard deals with the essential requirement “Radiation“ (see EN 292-2:1991, annex A, paragraph 1.5.10). According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium
20、, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 12198-3:2002+A1
21、:2008 EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 4 Introduction Machinery supplied by electrical power or containing radiation sources may emit radiation or generate electric and/or magnetic fields. The radiation emissions will vary in frequency and magnitude. It does not deal with other strategies concerning redu
22、ction of radiation risk by substitution with a smaller source, increasing the distance or reducing exposure time. This document is a type B standard as stated in EN 1070. The provisions of this document may be supplemented or modified by a type C standard. NOTE For machines which are covered by the
23、scope of a type C standard and which have been designed and built according to the provisions of that standard, the provisions of that type C standard take precedence over the provisions of this type B standard. 1 Scope The purpose of this European standard is to provide means to enable manufacturer
24、s of machinery concerned by a radiation hazard to design and manufacture efficient safeguards against radiations. Specific technical details of the design of shields for the different types of radiation and machines will be provided in other standards. This European standard applies to machinery as
25、defined by EN 292. Part 1 of this standard contains the general principles of risk assessment of radiation emission by machinery. Details of the measurement of the radiation emission are given in Part 2 of this standard. This standard deals with a design strategy for reducing the radiation flux by a
26、ttenuation or screening. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subseque
27、nt amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments). EN 292-1:1991, Safety of machinery Basic concepts
28、, general principles for design Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology. EN 292-2:1991, Safety of machinery Basic concepts, general principles for design Part 2: Technical principles and specifications. EN 294:1992, Safety of machinery Safety distance to prevent danger zones being reached by the uppe
29、r limbs. EN 953:1997, Safety of machinery Guards General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards. EN 1050:1996, Safety of machinery Principles for risk assessment. EN 1070:1998, Safety of machinery Terminology. BS EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008 EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 5
30、 EN 1088:1995, Safety of machinery Interlocking devices associated with guards Principles for design and selection. EN 12198-1:2000, Safety of machinery Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by machinery Part 1: General principles. EN 12198-2:2002, Safety of machinery Asse
31、ssment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by machinery Part 2: Radiation emission measurement procedure. IEC 60050-111:1996, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary Chapter 111: Physics and chemistry. IEC 60050-121:1998, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary Part 121: Electr
32、omagnetism. IEC 60050-161:1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary Chapter 161: Electromagnetic compatibility. IEC 60050-881:1983, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary Chapter 881: Radiology and radiological physics. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the
33、 terms and definitions given in EN 1070:1998 and the following apply. Additional definitions specifically needed for this standard are contained in EN 12198-1:2000. The terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-111:1996, IEC 60050-121:1998, IEC 60050-161:1990 and IEC 60050-881:1983, are also applicab
34、le. 3.1 shield (general definition) component designed to reduce, select or absorb radiations. The purpose of the component may be for radiation protection or in order to select particular radiations NOTE Shields are also know as attenuators, screens or filters. 3.2 protection shield shield used for
35、 the radiation protection of people and/or equipment 3.3 selective shield shield used to filter the radiations, selecting their kind or their energy 3.4 shadow shield shield arranged in such a way that the radiation source is not totally enclosed, but which prevents free passage of radiation in cert
36、ain directions 4 Classification of radiation Classification of radiation is given in clause 4 of EN 12198-1:2000. Machinery shall be so designed and constructed that any emission of radiation is limited to the extent necessary for its operation and that the effects on exposed persons are non-existen
37、t or reduced to non-dangerous proportions (See EN 292-2:1991, annex A). BS EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008 EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 6 5 Procedure for reducing radiation emission levels by design The procedure for reducing radiation by attenuation or screening shall include the following steps: 1) Specify
38、 the design target according to 7.2 of EN 12198-1:2000, by defining a radiation emission level not to be exceeded, lowest possible. 2) Characterize all the radiation sources (see clause 4 and 6.2 of EN 12198-1:2000). 3) Define intended directions, intensity of radiation fields and access to the irra
39、diated area. 4) Review attenuating or screening materials available. 5) Assess environmental conditions and their effects on the source and shields. 6) Make design decisions. 7) Manufacture prototype. 8) Measure in accordance with EN 12198-2 and clause 6 of EN 12198-1:2000. 9) Compare with desired l
40、evels set in step 1 (see clause 7 of EN 12198-1:2000). 10) If necessary, modify design and repeat steps 6 to 10. 11) Prepare documentation for users. These steps will be described in detail in clause 6. 6 Strategy for design of shield 6.1 Design target The design target defined in 5.1) is set by the
41、 manufacturer according to clause 7 of EN 12198-1:2000. 6.1.1 It is essential that manufacturers take the risk from radiation into account when they design machines. This can be achieved by assigning desired maximum emission levels of functional radiation emissions and undesirable radiation emission
42、s, according to 7.2 of EN 12198-1:2000. 6.1.2 Numerical values for maximum emission levels may be set by other bodies in documents such as national legislation or international recommendations. Where there is no legislation or recommendation then the manufacturer shall decide what safety criteria th
43、e design has to satisfy. These criteria may differ during different phases of a machines use (see 3.11 and 5.1 of EN 292-1:1991), (see also EN 1050). 6.1.3 The manufacturer shall also consider the possible alteration of radiation emissions caused by changes in environmental operating conditions or i
44、n duty cycles of the machine. BS EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008 EN 12198-3:2002+A1:2008 (E) 7 6.2 Characterization of all the radiation sources The following points shall be taken into consideration: number of sources; radiation characteristics: spectrum, intensity etc. (see clause 4 of EN 12198-1:2000); c
45、onstruction characteristics of each source; geometry (point, linear, cylindrical, spherical.) including dimensions; open or enclosed radiation sources; radiation generator (removal of electrical power will terminate radiation emission); physical state: (solid, liquid, gas, plasma.); chemical composi
46、tion (s). Special care shall be taken: when different types of radiation are emitted by the same source; when the source manufacturer has defined a functional life time or safe working life time for the source. 6.3 Radiation fields, beam geometry access and enclosure The manufacturers shall take acc
47、ount of the following considerations. 6.3.1 Radiation field or beam geometry a) The field or beams size should be as small as possible considering such factors as the area of the interaction between radiation and material and the uniformity needed across that area. b) The distance which the intended
48、 field or beam has to traverse should be minimized. This will be after taking account of the divergence and any access required to the field. 6.3.2 Access to the irradiated area Wherever possible the field or beam should be enclosed to prevent inadvertent access to levels of radiation above the desi
49、gn target level. As part of the routine maintenance or setting of a machine, it may be necessary to measure the field or beam profiles or intensity. The position of beams may also need to be adjusted. If there is a need for access to the field or beam then access points should be included during the design stage. The construction of access points shall not create leakage of radiation above the level specified in the design targets. BS EN 12
