1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 12491:2015Paragliding equipment Emergency parachutes Safety requirements and testmethodsBS EN 12491:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12491:2015.It supersedes BS EN 12491:2001 which is withdrawn.The UK participat
2、ion in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee SW/136/-/6, Sports, Playground and other RecreationalEquipment - Paragliding.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovi
3、sions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 84799 8ICS 97.220.40Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published
4、under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS EN 12491:2015EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 12491 November 2015 ICS 97.220.40 Supersedes EN 12491:2001English Versi
5、on Paragliding equipment - Emergency parachutes - Safety requirements and test methods quipement pour le parapente - Parachute de secours -Exigences de scurit et mthodes dessai Ausrstung fr das Gleitschirmfliegen - Rettungsfallschirme - Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und Prfverfahren This Europ
6、ean Standard was approved by CEN on 26 September 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
7、concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN membe
8、r into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Fran
9、ce, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey andUnited Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOM
10、ITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12491:2015 EBS EN 12491:2015EN 12491:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 Introduction
11、4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions . 5 4 Safety requirements . 8 4.1 Deployment system 8 4.2 Speed of opening . 8 4.3 Descent rate and stability 8 4.3.1 Unsteerable parachute 8 4.3.2 Steerable parachute . 8 4.4 Strength 9 4.5 Additional requirements for steerable parachutes
12、 9 5 Test methods 9 5.1 Test apparatus 9 5.2 Test conditions . 9 5.3 Procedure. 9 5.3.1 General 9 5.3.2 Deployment system strength test 10 5.3.3 Speed of opening test 10 5.3.4 Descent rate and stability test . 10 5.3.5 Strength test . 10 5.3.6 Additional tests for steerable parachutes . 11 6 Test fi
13、les 11 6.1 Test file information . 11 6.2 Items accompanying the test files 12 7 Manufacturing record . 12 8 Users manual 12 9 Marking 14 Annex A (informative) Example of marking label . 15 Annex B (normative) Formula to be used for correcting the test mass for differences from ICAO standard atmosph
14、ere 16 Annex C (informative) Example drop test device 17 BS EN 12491:2015EN 12491:2015 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 12491:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 136 “Sports, playground and other recreational facilities and equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by D
15、IN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of th
16、e elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 12491:2001. This standard is one of a package of standards on equipment for paragliding as follows: EN 926-1, P
17、aragliding equipment Paragliders Part 1: Requirements and test methods for structural strength; EN 926-2, Paragliding equipment Paragliders Part 2: Requirements and test methods for classifying flight safety characteristics; EN 1651, Paragliding equipment Harnesses Safety requirements and strength t
18、ests; EN 12491, Paragliding equipment Emergency parachutes Safety requirements and test methods. In comparison with the previous edition EN 12491:2001, the following significant changes have been made: a) editorial revision; b) introduction of characteristics and requirements for steerable parachute
19、s; c) update of test files information and items accompanying the test file; d) update of user manual content. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
20、 Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey
21、and the United Kingdom. BS EN 12491:2015EN 12491:2015 (E) 4 Introduction The aim of this European Standard is to enhance paraglider pilots safety by testing to confirm that emergency parachutes are likely to be able to perform their intended function. The tests do not include any compatibility tests
22、 with alternative inner containers. Emergency parachutes shall be supplied by the manufacturer for testing complete with attachments suitable for connection to an EN 1651 paragliding harness, and parachutes will be tested as if they were so connected. These connections are made in such a way, and/or
23、 using resistant material, so that they are not subject to friction or heat failure due to the tightening or slipping possible under shock loads. Any metal link is installed in such a way as to minimize any risk of injury to the pilot in an emergency deployment, and to ensure that it will be loaded
24、in the direction of its maximum strength. BS EN 12491:2015EN 12491:2015 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard is applicable to emergency parachutes deployed by the action of the pilot without any other assistance (mechanical or pyrotechnic), intended for use with single-seater or two-seater paraglide
25、rs. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any a
26、mendments) applies. EN 926-1, Paragliding equipment Paragliders Part 1: Requirements and test methods for structural strength EN 1651, Paragliding equipment Harnesses Safety requirements and strength tests 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions
27、 apply. 3.1 paraglider ultra light glider with no primary rigid structure, for which take-off and landing are on foot, with the pilot (and potentially one passenger) carried in a harness (or harnesses) connected to the wing 3.2 emergency parachute emergency device intended to slow the descent of a p
28、araglider pilot in the event of an incident in flight, which is deployed by the pilot by an intentional manual action Note 1 to entry: This may be unsteered or steerable. 3.3 riser lowest part of the parachute system, which is connected to the harness Note 1 to entry: Examples of risers are presente
29、d in Figure 1 and Figure 2. 3.4 suspension lines multiple cords connecting the emergency parachute canopy to the riser(s) BS EN 12491:2015EN 12491:2015 (E) 6 Key 1 suspension lines 2 riser 3 paragliding harness emergency parachute bridle Figure 1 Example of unsteerable emergency parachute components
30、 BS EN 12491:2015EN 12491:2015 (E) 7 Key 1 suspension lines 2 risers Figure 2 Example of steerable emergency parachute components 3.5 outer container external container, either supplied as part of the harness, or by the parachute manufacturer for attachment to a harness 3.6 inner container or deploy
31、ment bag container of the folded emergency parachute 3.7 deployment system inner container and either the handle attachment point(s) or handle assembly 3.8 emergency parachute system emergency parachute combined with its deployment system BS EN 12491:2015EN 12491:2015 (E) 8 3.9 shock absorbing devic
32、e any special component fitted within the parachute system to reduce the opening shock forces on the pilot and parachute in high speed deployments Note 1 to entry: If fitted they should be clearly identified, by label and colour, and maintenance (and replacement) instructions included in the users m
33、anual. 3.10 drop test device rigid test object, of adjustable mass, with one rigid attachment point for the emergency parachute 3.11 payload total weight in flight minus weight of paraglider 3.12 steerable parachute emergency parachute fitted with controls for steering and landing flare 4 Safety req
34、uirements 4.1 Deployment system When tested in accordance with 5.3.2, there shall be no failure of any component of the deployment system. 4.2 Speed of opening When tested in accordance with 5.3.3, in both tests the time interval shall be less than 4 s. 4.3 Descent rate and stability 4.3.1 Unsteerab
35、le parachute When tested twice in accordance with 5.3.4: a) in each test the average rate of descent (corrected to ICAO standard atmosphere, see Annex B) shall be less than 5,5 m/s; b) in each test the average horizontal airspeed (corrected to ICAO standard atmosphere, see Annex B) shall be less tha
36、n the average rate of descent (glide ratio less than 1:1); c) in each test any oscillations shall reduce; d) the emergency parachute system shall not suffer any permanent deformation (except in the case of any shock absorbing device which is intended to be replaced after any deployment). 4.3.2 Steer
37、able parachute When tested twice in accordance with 5.3.4: a) in each test the average rate of descent (corrected to ICAO standard atmosphere, see Annex B) shall be less than 4 m/s; BS EN 12491:2015EN 12491:2015 (E) 9 b) in each test the average horizontal airspeed (corrected to ICAO standard atmosp
38、here, see Annex B) shall be less than 5,5 m/s; c) in each test any oscillations shall reduce; d) the emergency parachute system shall not suffer any permanent deformation (except in the case of any shock absorbing device which is intended to be replaced after any deployment). 4.4 Strength When teste
39、d in accordance with 5.3.5.1 or 5.3.5.2 (at the discretion of the manufacturer): a) in both tests the emergency parachute shall open fully and absorb the opening shock; b) in both tests the emergency parachute system shall not suffer any significant failure of the primary structure (except in the ca
40、se of any shock absorbing device which is intended to be replaced after any deployment); c) in the case of a steerable parachute, in both tests, the controls shall remain locked. 4.5 Additional requirements for steerable parachutes When tested in accordance with 5.3.6, using the emergency parachutes
41、 controls as described in the users manual, the parachute shall not exhibit any abnormal flying characteristics. 5 Test methods 5.1 Test apparatus a) Meteorological measuring equipment to check wind speed, temperature, pressure and humidity; b) zoom lens video camera and video recorder capable of ti
42、med single frame analysis; c) drop test device (see Annex C for example design); d) equipment to measure parachute descent rates (see test 5.3.4). 5.2 Test conditions a) Wind shall be less than 10 km/h within the test perimeter; b) no thermals and/or air movements due to aircraft within the test per
43、imeter; c) relative humidity shall be between 40 % and 80 %. 5.3 Procedure 5.3.1 General The parachute shall be presented for testing with a declared maximum payload, mdec. In tests 5.3.4 and 5.3.5, the parachute is tested with a corrected payload mcorr,.This corrected payload shall be calculated fr
44、om the declared maximum payload and the prevailing atmospheric conditions using the formula shown in Annex B. BS EN 12491:2015EN 12491:2015 (E) 10 All the tests shall be recorded on video for analysis of test results. A copy of all video recordings shall be made available to the manufacturer as an a
45、id to research and development. Where a steerable parachute is presented for testing, it shall be tested with any controls in their default (locked) condition (other than for 5.3.6). In this condition, it shall meet all the test requirements. 5.3.2 Deployment system strength test With the emergency
46、parachute installed in its deployment system, the parachute container shall be restrained and a load of 700 N applied to the deployment handle attachment point(s) or handle assembly. 5.3.3 Speed of opening test With the riser(s) secured to the moving vehicle, and at a horizontal airspeed of 10 m/s (
47、 1 m/s) and a vertical airspeed of less than 1,5 m/s, the parachute (packed in the inner container according to the users manual instructions) is free dropped. The time is measured from the instant of free drop until a load of 200 N is sustained (this could be measured with the aid of 200 N weak lin
48、k). The inner container shall have opened prior to reaching the load of 200 N. The test is carried out twice (this may be with the same parachute or with an identical item). This test could be carried out from a moving vehicle or aircraft. 5.3.4 Descent rate and stability test The parachutes riser(s
49、) shall be connected to the drop test devices anchor points (or to a pilot ballasted to the required weight) using the connector specified by the parachute manufacturer to connect to both EN 1651 harness emergency parachute attachment points. In order to introduce an initial pendulum oscillation, the parachute is opened while the test mass is at a horizontal airspeed of 10 m/s ( 1 m/s) and a vertical airspeed of less than 1,5 m/s. From the point of opening there shall be no wing or other drag device acting on the test mass. (If
