1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 614-2:2000 ICS 13.1
2、10; 13.180 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Safety of machinery Ergonomic design principles Part 2: Interactions between the design of machinery and work tasks +A1:2008National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 614-2:2000+ A1:2008. It
3、 supersedes BS EN 614-2:2000 which is withdrawn. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number of the CEN amendment. For example, text altered by CEN amendment A1 is indicated by !“. The UK parti
4、cipation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PH/9, Applied ergonomics. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible
5、 for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Comments 30 June 2009 Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2008 BS EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008 This British Standard was published under the aut
6、hority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 September 2000 BSI 2009 ISBN 978 0 580 62347 9 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 614-2:2000+A1 September 2008 ICS 13.110; 13.180 Supersedes EN 614-2:2000 English Version Safety of machinery - Ergonomic design principles
7、 - Part 2: Interactions between the design of machinery and work tasks Scurit des machines - Principes ergonomiques de conception - Partie 2: Interactions entre la conception des machines et les tches du travail Sicherheit von Maschinen - Ergonomische Gestaltungsgrundstze - Teil 2: Wechselwirkungen
8、zwischen der Gestaltung von Maschinen und den Arbeitsaufgaben This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 June 2000 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 14 August 2008. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving thi
9、s European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions
10、(English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bul
11、garia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDAR
12、DIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008: EEN 614-2:2000+A1:2008 (E) 2 Con
13、tents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope4 2 Normative references4 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Principles of work task design.5 4.1 Characteristics of well-designed operator work tasks 5 4.2 Methodology of work task design in relation to machinery design .6 4.2.1 Establishing the design objectiv
14、es10 4.2.2 Function analysis.10 4.2.3 Function allocation11 4.2.4 Work task specification.12 4.2.5 Assignment of work tasks to operators 12 4.3 Evaluation of work task design13 5 Design procedure14 Annex A (informative) Interaction between machinery design, task design and job design15 A.1.1 Good jo
15、b design.15 A.2 Characteristics of well-designed jobs and implications for design.17 A.2.1 Experience and capabilities of the operator .17 A.2.2 Meaningful whole.17 A.2.3 Contribution to the total work output 17 A.2.4 Variation17 A.2.5 Autonomy.17 A.2.6 Learning opportunities17 A.2.7 Feedback17 A.2.
16、8 Over- and underload17 A.2.9 Repetitiveness18 A.2.10 Opportunities for contact18 A.3 Ways of job re-design .18 A.3.1 Job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment18 A.3.2 Working groups and teams 18 A.3.3 Participative design.19 A.3.4 Managerial development.19 Annex B (informative) Illustrative
17、example: Design of a drilling machine 20 B.1 Introduction20 B.2 Establishing design objectives 21 B.3 Function analysis.22 B.4 Function allocation24 B.5 Work task specification.26 Annex ZA (informative) ! ! ! !Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive
18、 98/37/EC, amended by 98/79/EC“ “ “ “ .28 Annex ZB (informative) ! ! ! !Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC“ “ “ “.29 BS EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008) has been prepared
19、 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics“, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be wi
20、thdrawn at the latest by December 2009. This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2008-08-14. This document supersedes EN 614-2:2000. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! “. This European Standard has been prepared under a ma
21、ndate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). !For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this document.“ EN 614 consists of the following Parts
22、, under the general title Safety of machinery Ergonomic design principles: Part 1: Terminology and general principles Part 2: Interactions between the design of machinery and work tasks. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countrie
23、s are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
24、Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. BS EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008 (E) 4 Introduction This European Standard helps the designer in applying ergonomics principles to the design of machinery, focusing especially on the interaction between the design of machinery and work tasks. This
25、 is essential since the quality of design and safety of machinery depends on the prospective operators being able to perform their tasks with the machinery in a safe and competent manner. Applying ergonomics principles to the design of machinery and work tasks aims at minimizing the discomfort, fati
26、gue and other impairing effects faced by the operator and thus contributes to the optimal functioning of the work system (EN 292-2:1991, Annex A.1, 1.1.2 (d) and reduces the risks of negative health effects. Therefore, good design follows ergonomics principles, starts with the specification of syste
27、m functions and anticipates how the prospective operator will interact with the machinery and other work equipment. In the design of machinery and work tasks, the physical aspects of the operators activities are not the only design parameters to be dealt with. Operator activities also include the pe
28、rception and processing of information, determination of strategies, decision making and communication. 1 Scope This European Standard establishes the ergonomics principles and procedures to be followed during the design process of machinery and operator work tasks. This European Standard deals spec
29、ifically with task design in the context of machinery design, but the principles and methods may also be applied to job design. This European Standard is directed to designers and manufacturers of machinery and other work equipment. It will also be helpful to those who are concerned with the use of
30、machinery and work equipment, e.g. to managers, organizers, operators and supervisors. In this European Standard the designer refers to the person or group of persons responsible for the design. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from
31、 other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated reference subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendmen
32、t or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments). EN 614-1:1995, Safety of machinery Ergonomic design principles Part 1: Terminology and general principles. EN 894-1, Safety of machinery Ergonomics requirements for the design of d
33、isplays and control actuators Part 1: General principles for human interactions with displays and control actuators. EN 292-1, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology. EN 292-2:1991/A1:1995, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, ge
34、neral principles for design - Part 2: Technical principles and specifications. BS EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008 (E) 5 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 614-1 apply. 4 Principles of work task design Work task design
35、covers the analysis and specification of functions and their allocation to the machine or the operator as part of the design process, and aims at contributing to the optimal functioning of work systems. Therefore, good design follows ergonomics principles and gives special attention to the intended
36、operator population. Principles of good ergonomic design are given in EN 614-1. The aim shall be achieved by approaching the characteristics of well designed operator work tasks given in 4.1 by following the methodology for work task design given in 4.2 and by performing an evaluation of work task d
37、esign according to 4.3. 4.1 Characteristics of well-designed operator work tasks When designing machinery and work tasks, the designer shall ensure that the following ergonomics characteristics of well-designed work tasks are fulfilled. These characteristics take into account the differences and dyn
38、amic characteristics of the intended operator population, and shall be pursued by designing machinery and work tasks in interaction. Thus, in the design process the designer shall a) recognise the experience, capabilities and skills of the existing or expected operator population. This includes the
39、levels of general education and vocational training, as well as knowledge acquired in other similar working situations. It should be kept in mind that levels of training and knowledge vary across operator populations and change over time. Therefore, e.g. speed and complexity requirements and informa
40、tion on task performance should be adaptable to all intended users. b) ensure that work tasks to be performed are identifiable as complete and meaningful whole units of work with a clearly identifiable beginning and end, rather than as isolated fragments of such tasks. Therefore, each work task shou
41、ld in particular comprise not only performance components, but also preparatory (e.g. planning) and evaluative (e.g. inspection, checking) components. c) ensure that work tasks performed are identifiable as a significant contribution to the total output of the work system. The operator should be abl
42、e to understand how and to what extent task performance and its outcome will affect the whole work system and its outcomes. Thus, unnecessary fragmentation of the work process, leading to narrow operator work tasks shall be avoided. d) provide for the application of an appropriate variety of skills,
43、 capabilities and activities, and in particular provide for an appropriate combination of the following types of behaviour: skill based behaviour, which consists of an immediate, simple conscious or non-conscious reaction to cues from the work process, rule based behaviour, which allows the operator
44、 to exert control of the work process by applying basic algorithmic rules (e.g. by making simple if-then decisions) knowledge based behaviour, which requires the operator to develop and maintain a complex set of knowledge about the interrelationships in the process, in order to diagnose system state
45、s and faults, and to develop solutions and perform adequate actions. e) provide an appropriate degree of freedom and autonomy to the operator. The operator should be able to choose among alternative ways of task accomplishments and determine priority, pace and procedure of the work task. Rigidly fix
46、ed sequences, pace and working methods shall be avoided. BS EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008 (E) 6 f) provide sufficient feedback on task performance in terms meaningful to the operator. Information on performance shall be made available enabling the operator to check whether goals are rea
47、ched and performance is adequate. This includes also information on performance mistakes and correct alternatives. In work tasks subject to frequent interruptions, the design of machinery shall provide for memory aids to remind the operator where he/she left off. g) provide opportunities to practise
48、 and develop existing skills and capabilities as well as to acquire new ones. This should be achieved by providing for different ways of task accomplishment, sufficient degrees of autonomy and variety in connection with appropriate feedback on task performance. This allows the operator to choose the
49、 operation mode most suitable to the present state of expertise and to try to gain experience in different ways of task accomplishment, preferably combining different types of behaviour. For monitoring and control tasks, especially in highly automated systems, the operator needs to be able to acquire the competence to control the process and develop a clear picture of the structure and interrelationships of the process. This will be especially crucial in emergency situations. h) avoid overload as well as underload of the operator, which may lead to unnec
