1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 15403:2011Solid recovered fuels Determination of ash contentBS EN 15403:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15403:201
2、1. Itsupersedes DD CEN/TS 15403:2006 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all
3、 the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 68166 0ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Stra
4、tegy Committee on 31 March 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 15403:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15403 March 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15403:2006English Version Solid recovered fuels - Determination of ash content Combustibles solid
5、es de rcupration - Dtermination de la teneur en cendre Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Aschegehaltes This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 January 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this Europ
6、ean Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions
7、 (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Bel
8、gium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COM
9、MITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15403:2011: EBS EN 15403:2011EN 1540
10、3:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Principle 55 Apparatus .56 Sampling and sample preparation .67 Procedure .68 Calculation 69 Precision .710 Test report 7Annex A (informative) Interlaboratory test results 8Bibliography .
11、11BS EN 15403:2011EN 15403:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15403:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an iden
12、tical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2011. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15403:2006. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of pat
13、ent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. This document differs from CEN/TS 15403:2006 mainly as follows:
14、 a) use of automatic equipments under specific conditions permitted; b) results of interlaboratory tests supplemented as an informative Annex A; c) whole document editorially revised. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries a
15、re bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, S
16、pain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. BS EN 15403:2011EN 15403:2011 (E) 4 Introduction This European Standard covers the determination of ash content of solid recovered fuels. It is primarily geared toward laboratories, producers, suppliers and purchasers of solid recovered fuels but is also
17、 useful for the authorities and inspection organizations. The method specified in this European Standard is based on CEN/TS 14775 as well as ISO 1171. BS EN 15403:2011EN 15403:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of ash content of all solid recovered fue
18、ls. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15357:2011, Solid r
19、ecovered fuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions EN 15414-3, Solid recovered fuels Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample EN 15442, Solid recovered fuels Methods for sampling EN 15443, Solid recovered fuels Methods for the prep
20、aration of the laboratory sample 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15357:2011 and the following apply. 3.1 ash content on dry basis mass of inorganic residue remaining after ignition of a fuel under specified conditions, expressed as mas
21、s fraction in percent of the dry matter in the fuel 4 Principle The sample is heated in air atmosphere up to a temperature of (550 10) C under rigidly controlled conditions of time, sample mass and equipment specifications. The ash content is determined by calculation from the mass of the residue re
22、maining after heating. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Dish, consisting of inert material such as porcelain, silica or platinum, with a depth from 10 mm to 20 mm and such a size that the sample loading does not exceed 0,1 g/cm2bottom area. 5.2 Furnace, capable of maintaining a zone of uniform temperature at the lev
23、els required in Clause 7 and to reach these levels in the specified heating rates. The ventilation rate through the furnace should be such that no lack of oxygen arises during the heating procedure. NOTE A ventilation rate from 5 air changes/min to 10 air changes/min should be suitable. 5.3 Balance,
24、 capable of weighing the dish containing the sample to the nearest 0,1 mg. 5.4 Desiccator, without desiccant. NOTE The use of a desiccator without desiccant is specified in ISO 1171 and emphasised here since ashes from solid recovered fuels are often more hygroscopic than coal ashes. BS EN 15403:201
25、1EN 15403:2011 (E) 6 5.5 Sieve 5.6 Container, sealed airtight. 6 Sampling and sample preparation The general analysis sample shall be taken and prepared in accordance with EN 15442 and EN 15443. It shall be ground to pass through a sieve with an aperture size of 1 mm. The general analysis sample sha
26、ll be received in the laboratory in the container (5.6). The general analysis sample shall either be oven-dried or its moisture content determined in accordance with EN 15414-3. The general analysis sample shall be mixed carefully before weighing (see also Clause 7). 7 Procedure A minimum of two det
27、erminations shall be carried out on the general analysis sample. Heat the empty dish (5.1) in the furnace (5.2) to (550 10) C for at least 60 min. Allow the dish to cool down in a desiccator. After the dish is cooled, weigh it to the nearest 0,1 mg and record the mass. Place about 1 g of the general
28、 analysis sample on the bottom of the dish and spread in an even layer over the bottom surface. Weigh the dish plus the sample to the nearest 0,1 mg and record the mass. If the general analysis sample is oven-dried, both the dish and the sample shall be dried at (105 10) C as a precautionary measure
29、 and then weighed. Place the loaded dish in the cold furnace. Heat the sample in the furnace according to the following heating routine: a) raise the furnace temperature evenly to (250 10) C over a period of 50 min (i.e. a rise of 5 K/min). Maintain at this temperature level for 60 min to allow the
30、volatiles to leave the sample before ignition; b) continue to raise the furnace temperature evenly to (550 10) C over a period of 60 min (i.e. a rise of 5 K/min) and keep this temperature level for at least 120 min. Remove the dish with its content from the furnace. Allow the dish and its content to
31、 cool on a thick metal plate for 5 min to 10 min and then transfer to a desiccator without desiccant and allow to cool to ambient temperature. Weigh the ash and the dish to the nearest 0,1 mg as soon as ambient temperature is reached and record the mass. Calculate the ash content of the sample as de
32、tailed in Clause 8. If there is any doubt of complete incineration (for instance presence of soot at visual inspection), then add droplets of water or ammonium nitrate to the sample before it is reloaded into the cold furnace and reheated to (550 10) C for a period of further 30 min until the change
33、 in mass is lower than 0,2 mg. Automatic equipments may be used if the method is validated with biomass reference samples of an adequate biomass type. These equipments shall fulfill all the requirements given in this clause regarding sample size, heating procedure, atmosphere, temperatures and weigh
34、ing accuracy. Deviations from this paragraph shall be reported and justified. 8 Calculation The ash content on dry basis, Adb, of the general analysis sample, expressed as mass fraction in percent, shall be calculated by Equation (1): ()()ad1213db100100100MmmmmA= (1) BS EN 15403:2011EN 15403:2011 (E
35、) 7 where m1is the mass of the empty dish, in grams; m2is the mass of the dish plus the general analysis sample, in grams; m3is the mass of the dish plus ash, in grams; Madis the mass fraction of moisture of the general analysis sample on wet basis, in percent. The result shall be reported as the me
36、an of duplicate determinations to the nearest 0,1 %. 9 Precision 9.1 Repeatability limit The maximum difference to be expected between two independent single test results of one laboratory at a confidence level of 95 % will not exceed the repeatability limit in more than 5 % of cases when measuring
37、the same measurand in the same medium, using the same facilities and fulfilling all requirements of the test method (interlaboratory testing). Precision data derived from the interlaboratory test are given in Annex A. 9.2 Reproducibility limit The maximum difference to be expected between two indepe
38、ndent single test results of different laboratories at a confidence level of 95 % will not exceed the reproducibility limit in more than 5 % of cases when measuring the same measurand in the same medium, each laboratory using their own facilities and fulfilling all requirements of the test method (i
39、nterlaboratory testing) Precision data derived from the interlaboratory test are given in Annex A. 10 Test report The test report shall include the following information: a) identification of the laboratory and the testing date; b) identification of the sample tested; c) a reference to this European
40、 Standard, i.e. EN 15403; d) description of experimental set-up used; e) test results and the basis which is reported on, e.g. on dry basis“ or on wet basis“; f) any deviation from this European Standard; g) any unusual features observed during the determination which may have affected the test resu
41、lt and details of any operations not included in this European Standard or regarded as optional. BS EN 15403:2011EN 15403:2011 (E) 8 Annex A (informative) Interlaboratory test results The statistic evaluation of the interlaboratory test results was carried out in accordance with ISO 5725-5. The prec
42、ision data obtained are shown in Table A.1. Table A.1 Precision data Designation Shreddedtyre Demolition wood Dried sludge Municipal waste Plastic/paper fluff Number of laboratories participating 16 16 16 16 16 Total number of values (without outliers) 96 102 90 96 102 Mean value, in % mass fraction
43、 20,98 3,38 60,80 14,89 23,39 Laboratory effect, in % mass fraction 0,83 0,23 0,73 0,87 1,00 Sample effect, in % mass fraction 1,44 0,43 0,26 0,33 0,28 Repeatability standard deviation, sr, in % mass fraction 3,04 0,24 0,27 0,76 1,51 Repeatability limit, r: (r = 2,8 sr) in % mass fraction 8,51 0,67
44、0,76 2,13 4,23 Reproducibility standard deviation, sRin % mass fraction 3,15 0,33 0,78 1,16 1,81 Reproducibility limit, R: (R =2,8 sR) in % mass fraction 8,82 0,92 2,18 3,25 5,07 The deviations of the test results between the individual laboratories for each sample type are shown in Figures A.1 a) t
45、o A.1 e). BS EN 15403:2011EN 15403:2011 (E) 9 a) Shredded tyre b) Demolition wood c) Dried sludge d) Municipal waste BS EN 15403:2011EN 15403:2011 (E) 10 e) Plastic and paper fluffs Key Adbmass fraction of ash in % N number of the individual laboratory Figure A.1 Deviations of the test results betwe
46、en the individual laboratories BS EN 15403:2011EN 15403:2011 (E) 11 Bibliography 1 EN 14775, Solid biofuels Determination of ash content 2 ISO 1171, Solid mineral fuels Determination of ash 3 ISO 5725-5, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 5: Alternative methods
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