1、Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 10/03/2008 07:33, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIg49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58a
2、natomyThe European Standard EN 15521:2007 has the status of a British StandardICS 35.240.80Health informatics Categorial structure for terminologies of human BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 15521:2007BS EN 15521:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 10/03/2008 07:33, Uncontrolled Copy, (c
3、) BSIThis British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 57038 4Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsCompliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.Nati
4、onal forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15521:2007. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee IST/35, Health informatics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication doe
5、s not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 15521November 2007ICS 35.240.80English VersionHealth informatics - Categorial structure for terminologies ofhuman anatomyInformatiq
6、ue de sant - Structure catgorielle desterminologies danatomie humaineMedizinische Informatik - Kategoriale Struktur frTerminologien der Anatomie des MenschenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 October 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which st
7、ipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard
8、exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards
9、bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EU
10、ROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15521:2007: ELicensed Copy: W
11、ang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 10/03/2008 07:33, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15521:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 1.1 Main purpose5 1.2 Target groups.5 1.3 Topics outside the scope6 2 Normative references 6 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Categorial structure for
12、terminologies of human anatomy description 7 4.1 Principles7 4.2 Anatomical categories (3.7)8 4.3 Precise goal of the categorial structure (3.8)10 4.4 List of anatomical relations (3.8)11 4.5 List of minimal anatomical domain constraints (3.9).13 5 Conformance13 Annex A (informative) A reference ont
13、ology for biomedical informatics: the Foundational Model of Anatomy .14 A.1 General14 A.2 Principles, Ontological Framework and Implementation of the FMA.14 A.3 Extensions of the FMA beyond human macroscopic anatomy 15 A.4 Relations in the FMA and their influence on other ontologies .16 A.5 Querying
14、 the FMA16 A.6 Evaluation of the FMA.17 A.7 Uses and Selected Applications of the FMA.17 A.7.1 Research in ontologies, informatics and computer science 17 A.7.2 Research in biomedical imaging18 A.7.3 Design of information systems 18 A.7.4 Clinical Informatics18 A.7.5 Education18 A.7.6 Sources of Ana
15、tomical Information.19 Bibliography 20 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 10/03/2008 07:33, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15521:2007 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15521:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 251 “Health informatics”, the secretariat of which is h
16、eld by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2008. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulat
17、ions, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard : Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Nether
18、lands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 10/03/2008 07:33, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15521:2007 (E) 4 Introduction This European standard specifies a categorial structure for
19、 terminologies of human anatomy. Computer-based processing and the interchange of medical or clinical information requires various kinds of terminological systems to represent that information, such as controlled vocabularies, classifications, nomenclatures, terminologies and thesauri, with or witho
20、ut coding schemes. The specific terminological issues in the field of health informatics are: large number of different terminological systems are available in different clinical specialties; large overlap among the subject fields involved; large number of codes and rubrics, typically in the order o
21、f magnitude of 10 000 to 100 000 entries, in commonly used terminological systems; increasing need for re-use of coded data in different health-care contexts; poly-semia across different clinical specialties and sometimes within them. The integration of computer-based medical records and administrat
22、ive information systems in Electronic Health Records (EHR) require rationalization in the field, and a uniform way to represent the meaning of medical concepts to ensure that the receiver EHR of a message will catch the meaning introduced by the sender EHR and not only the string of characters embed
23、ded in it. It is not possible to impose a rigid uniform standardized natural language clinical terminology on healthcare professional providers. Nevertheless standards need to be provided for guiding the development of terminologies in the different sub domains of healthcare to allow semantic intero
24、perability between them. To this end a domain specific semantic representation has been developed (EN 12264) and applied in a series of specific initiatives including European Pre standards (ENV), European Standards (EN) and international ISO standards on various subject fields to describe a set of
25、categorial structures in partially overlapping subject fields: Human anatomy is central to medical terminology ( surgical procedures, carcinoma staging, annotation of radiological findings, disease, clinical laboratory and so forth ) and also to many scientific and bio-informatics study beyond the s
26、cope of clinical medicine . In the US the University of Washington has developed in the public domain an anatomical terminology for EHR named the Digital Anatomist Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA for short), a reference ontology for biomedical informatics. Adequate field testing in several countr
27、ies, revision and integration have provided the comprehensive basis for this European standard. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 10/03/2008 07:33, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15521:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope 1.1 Main purpose This European standard defines the characteristics required
28、to synthetically describe the organisation and content of human anatomy within a terminological system. It is intended primarily for use with computer-based applications such as clinical electronic health records, decision support and for various bio-medical research purposes. This European standard
29、 will serve to facilitate the construction of new terminological systems in a regular form which will increase their coherence and expressiveness; facilitate maintenance of human anatomy within terminological systems; increase consistency and coherence of existing terminological system; allow system
30、atic cross-references between items of human anatomy in different types of terminological systems; facilitate convergence among human anatomy within terminological systems; make explicit the overlap for human anatomy between different health care domains terminological systems; provide elements for
31、negotiation about integration of different terminological systems into information systems between the respective developers; enable the systematic evaluation of human anatomy within terminological systems. 1.2 Target groups The European standard itself is not suitable or intended for use by, indivi
32、dual clinicians or hospital administrators. The target groups for this European standard are: designers of specialised standard healthcare terminological categorial structures; developers of healthcare terminological systems including classifications and coding systems; producers of services for ter
33、minological systems and designers of software including natural language processing; information modellers, knowledge engineers, and standards developers building models for health information management systems; developers of information systems that require an explicit representation of healthcare
34、 terminological systems; developers of marked-up standards for representation of healthcare documents. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 10/03/2008 07:33, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15521:2007 (E) 6 1.3 Topics outside the scope This European Standard does not include categoria
35、l structure that may be necessary for the description of developmental anatomy during the human life cycle, which includes prenatal development, post-natal growth and aging. This European Standard has been developed for use as an integrated part of computer-based applications and for the electronic
36、healthcare record. It would be of limited value for manual use. It is not the purpose of this European Standard to standardise the end user classification of human anatomy terminology or to conflict with the concept systems embedded in national practice and languages. 2 Normative references The foll
37、owing referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Not applicable. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes
38、of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 Human anatomy biological science that concerns the discovery, analysis and representation of the structural organisation of the human body NOTE Human anatomy thus defined encompasses the material objects from the granularity level of t
39、he whole human body to that of cell parts, portions of body substances, and non-material entities such as surfaces, spaces, lines and points, that form the phenotypic organisation of the human body. Although encompassed by the definition of anatomical structure (4.2.9), biological macromolecules do
40、not come under the purview of the science human anatomy. 3.2 anatomical entity entity that constitutes the structural organisation of a human body 3.3 spatial dimension number of dimensions of the entity in space EXAMPLE 1 Entities with spatial dimension of value 3 are organs, cells and body cavity.
41、 EXAMPLE 2 Entities with spatial dimension of value 2: the plane of the esophagogastric junction and the surface of the parietal part of the head. EXAMPLE 3 Entities with spatial dimension of value 1: pectinate line, linea aspera and superior nuchal line. EXAMPLE 4 Entities with spatial dimension of
42、 value 0: the apex of petrous part of temporal bone, apex of the orbit and the apex of the sacrum. 3.4 three-dimensional shape shape of an anatomical entity of spatial dimension with value 3 EXAMPLE Hollow cylinder. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 10/03/2008 07:33, Uncontrolle
43、d Copy, (c) BSIEN 15521:2007 (E) 7 3.5 terminology set of designations belonging to one special language ISO 1087-1:2000 3.6 anatomical term verbal designation of an anatomical entity (3.2) 3.7 anatomical category type of anatomical entity shared by all the individual instances in existence in the p
44、resent, past and future EXAMPLE The anatomical category liver is instantiated by this liver and all individual livers in existence in the present, past and future. NOTE 1 Anatomical categories may be more or less general. Where one anatomical category is subsumed by another, the is_a relation is ass
45、erted to obtain a hierarchy between the more specific or subsumed category and the more general or subsuming anatomical category. NOTE 2 Each anatomical entity instantiates some anatomical category. 3.8 anatomical relation relation between two or more anatomical categories derived from corresponding
46、 relations between instances of the respective categories EXAMPLE A is;a B defined to obtain when every entity in category A is at the same time an entity in category B. B has;part_ A defined to obtain when every entity in category B has some entity in category A as part. Other examples of anatomica
47、l relations manifesting this every-some structure are: contained_in adjacent_to, attached_to NOTE The definition is adapted from the representation of types of characteristics in EN 12264 and authorised by an anatomical domain constraint (3.9). 3.9 anatomical domain constraint rule prescribing the s
48、et of representations of anatomical relations (3.8) that are valid to specialise an anatomical category (3.7) in a certain domain NOTE The definition is adapted from domain constraint in EN 12264. 3.10 anatomical categorial structure minimal set of anatomical domain constraints (3.9) for representin
49、g anatomical entities (3.2) in a precise domain to achieve a precise goal NOTE The definition is adapted from the categorial structure in EN 12264. 4 Categorial structure for terminologies of human anatomy description 4.1 Principles The categorial structures for terminologies of human anatomy are in conformity with the categorial structure as prescribed by clause 4 of EN 12264:2005. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 10/03/2008 07:33, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15521:2007 (E) 8 To describe an anatomical categorial
