1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 15982:2011Metadata for LearningOpportunities (MLO) AdvertisingBS EN 15982:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15982:2
2、011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee IST/43, Information technology for learning, educationand training.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the nec
3、essaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 68093 9ICS 35.240.99Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Com
4、mittee on 30 September 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 15982:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15982 September 2011 ICS 35.240.99 English Version Metadata for Learning Opportunities (MLO) - Advertising Mtadonnes pour les opportunits dapprendre -
5、 Publicit Metadaten fr Lernangebote (MLO) - Werbung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 29 July 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alt
6、eration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language ma
7、de by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Esto
8、nia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EURO
9、PISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15982:2011: EBS EN 15982:2011EN 15982:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 31 Scope 42 Normative refe
10、rences 43 Terms and Definitions .44 Conformance 64.1 Conforming Instance .64.2 Conforming Bindings 64.3 Conforming Applications 65 Conventions .76 Concepts .76.1 General 76.2 Learning Opportunity (LO) 76.3 Learning Opportunity Provider (LOP)76.4 Learning Opportunity Specification (LOS) 76.5 Learning
11、 Opportunity Instance (LOI) .77 Classes .78 Properties .88.1 General 88.2 Properties used to describe relationships between resources . 108.3 Properties included from ISO 15836 . 11Annex A (informative) Informative data model 12Bibliography . 13BS EN 15982:2011EN 15982:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This docum
12、ent (EN 15982:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 353 “Information and Communication Technologies for Learning, Education and Training”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an ide
13、ntical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held re
14、sponsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. MLO-Advertising (MLO-AD) is a standard addressing metadata sufficient for advertising a learning opportunity. The goal of MLO-AD is to provide information about a learning opportunity, to enable the learner to make a decision if there is a nee
15、d for more information about the learning opportunity, and where to find that information. MLO-AD is a lightweight standard that fits well with existing business processes and technologies. The MLOAD standard facilitates semantic technologies and web architectures to support several mechanisms for e
16、xchange of information and aggregation of information by third party service suppliers. The standard is easy to implement to ensure a rapid uptake by the European countries. At the design level, the group wanted the standard to support the ECTS descriptions and the exchange of ECTS information. The
17、standard only describes the datamodel for learning opportunities, and does not give any guidance on the vocabularies that are needed to ensure semantic interoperability between different educational and jurisdictional domains. The reason for not addressing vocabularies is that there is a need for fr
18、equently updating and maintaining the vocabularies, and that many vocabularies are mandated by the educational and jurisdictional domains where the standard is used. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implem
19、ent this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Swit
20、zerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 15982:2011EN 15982:2011 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the characteristics of electronic representation of Learning Opportunities in order to facilitate their advertising and subsequent discovery by prospective learners. Key users of the standard
21、 will be: those who provide opportunities for learning and wish to advertise them; those who offer electronic search services that aggregate results from multiple Learning Opportunity providers; those who wish to compare Learning Opportunities that have been represented electronically. This European
22、 Standard specifies an abstract model for representing Learning Opportunities. The model specifies three resources about which metadata can be stored to facilitate advertising of Learning Opportunities: a) the Learning Opportunity Provider; b) the Learning Opportunity Specification; and c) the Learn
23、ing Opportunity Instance. This European Standard specifies the characteristics of relations between the three resources and recommends a core set of metadata for each. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated referenc
24、es, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 15836, Information and documentation The Dublin Core metadata element set 3 Terms and Definitions For the purpose of this document, the following terms an
25、d definitions apply. 3.1 advertising process of making descriptions of Learning Opportunities available to external systems NOTE Typically this is for the purpose of encouraging applications from potential learners; 3.2 aggregator system (application or service) that collates descriptions of Learnin
26、g Opportunities from multiple Learning Opportunity Providers in order to offer additional functionality to users based on those descriptions, for example to search, browse, and compare Learning Opportunities 3.3 broker system (application or service) that collates descriptions of Learning Opportunit
27、ies from multiple Learning Opportunity Providers in order to support one or more business processes, such as mediated application to University, or financial services such as student loans BS EN 15982:2011EN 15982:2011 (E) 5 3.4 provider party (person or organisation) that offers Learning Opportunit
28、ies NOTE Synonymous with Learning Opportunity Provider; 3.5 resource anything that might be identified EXAMPLES Familiar examples include an electronic document, an image, a service. NOTE Attention is drawn to W3C-RDFS for the detailed definition of this term. 3.6 class group containing members that
29、 have attributes, behaviours, relationships or semantics in common NOTE Attention is drawn to W3C-RDFS for the detailed definition of this term. 3.7 property specific aspect, characteristic, attribute, or relation used to describe resources NOTE Attention is drawn to W3C-RDFS for the detailed defini
30、tion of this term. 3.8 range range of values that may be used for a property NOTE Attention is drawn to W3C-RDFS for the detailed definition of this term. 3.9 domain class of resource to which statements using a property may be made NOTE Attention is drawn to W3C-RDFS for the detailed definition of
31、this term; 3.10 sub property of a property that is derived from another property NOTE Attention is drawn to W3C-RDFS for the detailed definition of this term. 3.11 sub class of a class that is derived from another class NOTE Attention is drawn to W3C-RDFS for the detailed definition of this term. 3.
32、12 literal literal value for a property defined within a statement; this may be a plain literal value (such as a string and language term) or a typed literal value (such as a value and data type specification identifier) NOTE Attention is drawn to W3C-RDFS for the detailed definition of this term. B
33、S EN 15982:2011EN 15982:2011 (E) 6 3.13 statement combination of a property and a value specified for a resource 3.14 URI uniform resource identifier NOTE As defined by IETF-RFC2396. 4 Conformance 4.1 Conforming Instance There are two levels at which conformance to this standard may be claimed: stri
34、ctly conforming and conforming. A strictly conforming instance is a set of structured information constituted only of objects and statements defined by the classes and properties of this standard and fully qualified refinements of the properties defined in this standard. A fully qualified refinement
35、 is defined for the purpose of conformance as a property that explicitly extends a property defined by this standard. A fully qualified refinement must be capable of being processed according to the semantics of the property it extends. A conforming instance may contain additional objects and proper
36、ties. NOTE As there are no cardinality restrictions on any of the properties of this standard, an instance consisting only of one or more objects conforming to classes defined in this standard but without any properties is a strictly conforming instance. 4.2 Conforming Bindings A strictly conforming
37、 binding is constituted only of bindings to an exchange format of the classes and properties defined by this standard and fully qualified refinements of the properties defined in this standard. A conforming binding may contain additional properties that do not necessarily extend or map to the proper
38、ties defined in this standard. Both strictly conforming bindings and conforming bindings must be capable of being used to generate and validate instances that can be automatically converted to a strictly conforming instance of this standard. Both strictly conforming bindings and conforming bindings
39、may impose additional constraints upon the values of properties defined in this standard. Both strictly conforming bindings and conforming bindings may impose cardinality constraints on properties defined in this standard. Both strictly conforming bindings and conforming bindings may impost cardinal
40、ity constraints on associations between instances of the classes defined in this standard. NOTE Attention is drawn to the GRRDL (Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages), and XSLT (XSL Transformations), both recommendations of W3C. 4.3 Conforming Applications There are two classes
41、of application that may claim conformance to this standard: conforming providers and conforming consumers. BS EN 15982:2011EN 15982:2011 (E) 7 A conforming provider is an application that is capable of generating and sharing (1) conforming instances , and/or (2) instances that conform to a conformin
42、g binding. A conforming consumer is an application that is capable of processing (1) conforming instances, and/or (2) instances that conform to a conforming binding. 5 Conventions URIs for classes and properties defined in this European Standard and included from EN 15982:2011 are introduced with th
43、e “mlo:“ prefixes.“ NOTE The namespace for all classes and properties defined in this standard is currently http:/purl.org/net/mlo (prefix “mlo:”). CEN has initiated a process for the establishment of a Namespace policy and the provision of related services. Upon resolution of this issue the text of
44、 this clause will be amended as appropriate. 6 Concepts 6.1 General In the Informative Annex A, a UML representation of the concepts is presented. 6.2 Learning Opportunity (LO) A chance to participate in education or training. 6.3 Learning Opportunity Provider (LOP) An agent (person or organisation)
45、 that provides learning opportunities. 6.4 Learning Opportunity Specification (LOS) An abstract description of a learning opportunity, consisting of information that will be consistent across multiple instances of the learning opportunity. 6.5 Learning Opportunity Instance (LOI) A single occurrence
46、of a learning opportunity. Unlike a Learning Opportunity Specification, a Learning Opportunity Instance is not abstract, may be bound to particular dates or locations, and may be applied for or participated in by learners. 7 Classes The following classes represent the Resources defined for Learning
47、Opportunities. URI: mlo:LearningOpportunityProvider Label: Learning Opportunity Provider Definition: An agent (person or organisation) that provides learning opportunities. URI: mlo:LearningOpportunitySpecification Label: Learning Opportunity Specification Definition: An abstract description of a le
48、arning opportunity, consisting of information that will be consistent across multiple instances of the learning opportunity. BS EN 15982:2011EN 15982:2011 (E) 8 URI: mlo:LearningOpportunityInstance Label: Learning Opportunity Instance Definition: A single occurrence of a learning opportunity. Unlike
49、 a Learning Opportunity Specification, a Learning Opportunity Instance is not abstract, may be bound to particular dates or locations, and may be applied for or participated in by learners. 8 Properties 8.1 General URI: mlo:url Label: Url Range: http:/www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Literal Definition: A link to a web resource that provides an alternate representation of the resource. The content should conform to a URI IETF-RFC2396. URI: mlo:location Label: Location Range: http:/www.w
