1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16212:2012Energy Efficiency and SavingsCalculation, Top-down andBottom-up MethodsBS EN 16212:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implement
2、ation of EN 16212:2012. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee SEM/1/2, Energy Efficiency Saving Calculations andBenchmarking.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to inc
3、lude all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012 ISBN 978 0 580 78442 2 ICS 27.010 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Brit
4、ish Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dSeptember 2012.BS EN 16212:2012EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16212 August 2012 ICS 27.010 English version Energy Ef
5、ficiency and Savings Calculation, Top-down and Bottom-up Methods Efficacit nergtique et calcul dconomies - Mthodes top-down (descendante) et bottom-up (ascendante) Energieeffizienz und -einsparberechnung - Top-Down- und Bottom-Up-Methoden This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 July 2012. C
6、EN and CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be ob
7、tained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN and CENELEC member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN and CENELEC member into its own langu
8、age and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yug
9、oslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-
10、1000 Brussels 2012 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for CENELEC Members. Ref. No. EN 16212:2012 EBS EN 16212:2012EN 16212:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 4Introduction .51 Scope 62 Normative references 63 Terms and
11、definitions .64 Characteristics of top-down and bottom-up methods 114.1 Characteristics 114.2 Energy efficiency improvement measure 124.3 Type of energy savings 134.3.1 Total, autonomous and policy induced savings . 134.3.2 Baseline and additional savings . 154.4 Type of data used . 164.5 System bou
12、ndaries . 165 Top-down saving calculations 175.1 Energy efficiency indicators 175.1.1 General . 175.1.2 Structure effects and disaggregation . 175.1.3 Indicator choice and savings definition . 185.2 General calculation of top-down energy savings 185.2.1 Calculation approach . 185.2.2 Definition of i
13、ndicator types 185.2.3 Calculation of indicator values 195.2.4 Calculation of energy savings per indicator 215.3 Other issues in the calculation of top-down savings . 235.3.1 General . 235.3.2 Calculation alternatives . 235.3.3 Energy consumption units 245.3.4 Miscellaneous . 256 Bottom-up saving ca
14、lculations . 256.1 Elaboration on the object of assessment 256.1.1 Elementary unit of action and unitary energy savings . 256.1.2 Baseline options for end-use actions . 266.1.3 Saving types from bottom-up calculations 276.2 General calculation of bottom-up energy savings 276.2.1 Calculation approach
15、 . 276.2.2 Step 1: Calculation of unitary gross annual energy savings . 296.2.3 Step 2: Calculation of total gross annual energy savings . 346.2.4 Step 3: Calculation of total annual energy savings 356.2.5 Step 4: Calculation of remaining energy savings for target year 376.2.6 Calculation of overall
16、 bottom-up energy savings, taking into account overlap 38Annex A (informative) Examples of energy efficiency indicators . 40A.1 Introduction . 40A.2 Sectors and indicators . 40A.2.1 Sectors covered 40A.2.2 Choice of indicators on energy savings 40A.3 Indicators for the residential sector 41A.3.1 Gen
17、eral . 41A.3.2 Space heating 42BS EN 16212:2012EN 16212:2012 (E) 3 A.3.3 Water heating . 43A.3.4 Large appliances . 43A.3.5 Lighting and other appliances . 43A.3.6 Total electricity consumption 43A.3.7 Total non-electricity consumption . 43A.4 Indicators for the service sector 44A.4.1 General . 44A.
18、4.2 Total energy consumption 44A.4.3 Total electricity consumption 45A.4.4 Total non-electricity consumption . 45A.4.5 Fuels and delivered heat for space heating 45A.4.6 Electricity for lighting or air-conditioning . 45A.4.7 Electricity for ICT and other equipment 45A.5 Indicators for the transporta
19、tion sector 45A.5.1 General . 45A.5.2 Fuel use in cars . 46A.5.3 Fuel use in road freight transport 47A.5.4 Energy use for other modes . 47A.6 Indicators for the Industry sector 47A.6.1 General . 47A.6.2 Energy-intensive industry 48A.6.3 Other industrial branches . 48Annex B (informative) Level of d
20、etail and data handling in bottom up calculations 49B.1 Levels of detail in savings calculations 49B.2 Harmonisation and data handling . 50Annex C (informative) Bottom up application for buildings; boiler replacement . 52C.1 Introduction 52C.2 Potential examples of calculations 53C.3 Example for cat
21、egory 2: Replacement of heating supply equipment in residential and tertiary buildings . 54C.3.1 Step 1: calculation of unitary gross annual energy savings 54C.3.2 Step 2: total gross annual energy savings . 57C.3.3 Step 3: total annual energy savings 57C.3.4 Step 4: total remaining energy savings f
22、or target year . 58Bibliography 59BS EN 16212:2012EN 16212:2012 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 16212:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/CLC/TC JWG 4 “Energy Efficiency and Energy Savings Calculation”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given th
23、e status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be
24、 the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Be
25、lgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Swit
26、zerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16212:2012EN 16212:2012 (E) 5 Introduction Due to uncertainties of energy supply and the need to limit the greenhouse effect, European countries have adopted policies to increase the energy efficiency and to develop the use of renewable energy sources. T
27、he amount of energy to be saved in each state separately, and overall for the European Union (EU), has been notified in international agreements. In recent years the EU has adopted several Directives as part of the efforts at EU level to improve energy efficiency. An example is the Directive 2006/32
28、/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services (ESD). The ESD establishes for 2016 a national indicative energy savings target, equal to 9 % of final energy consumption in five years before 2007.This target is to be reached through energy services and other energy efficiency improvement measur
29、es. The formulation of policies and targets has led to the need for harmonised monitoring and evaluation methods on energy savings at international level and at European level. In addition many countries that get involved in the monitoring of the energy savings achieved, or the impact of implemented
30、 policies and measures, need these calculation methods as well. This European Standard covers the following topics: the methodology and general rules of calculation; terminology and definitions; parameters and data, including data quality and data sources. This European Standard covers both top-down
31、 and bottom-up calculation methods. The top-down method is based on energy indicators (e.g. mean gas consumption per dwelling) which are often calculated from statistical data. The bottom-up method considers end-user actions and facilitating measures to enhance energy efficiency. For top-down the st
32、andard uses the results of earlier indicator work in the Odyssee project and in the framework of the ESD. For bottom-up the standard builds on the results of the EMEEES project, initially done in the framework of the ESD implementation. These results are the starting point for this standard which is
33、 general in nature and applicable to a larger category of purposes and users than the EU-driven ESD. NOTE 1 The ODYSSEE project develops and updates energy efficiency indicators that can be used to calculate top-down energy savings for the 27 EU countries plus Norway and Croatia. NOTE 2 The EMEEES p
34、roject dealt with the definition of top-down and bottom-up calculation methods to monitor the ESD savings. The top-down and bottom-up calculation methods are presented as two separate calculation methods. Using a combination of top-down and bottom-up methods is not part of this standard. However, th
35、e differences and application of both methods will be highlighted. This European Standard provides a general framework for calculating energy savings. For top-down, examples of specific calculations per indicator are presented separately. For bottom-up, one specific application case, on building ene
36、rgy use, is presented as example. After normative references (Clause 2) and terms and definitions (Clause 3) the characteristics of the top-down and bottom-up methods are presented in Clause 4. The top-down calculation method is described in Clause 5 and the bottom-up calculation methods in Clause 6
37、. Annex A provides some example indicators that may be used in top-down calculations. Annex B deals with the level of detail at which bottom-up methods can be applied. Annex C describes the bottom-up example case for buildings. BS EN 16212:2012EN 16212:2012 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard provi
38、des a general approach for energy efficiency and energy savings calculations with top-down and bottom-up methods. The general approach is applicable for energy savings in buildings, cars, appliances, industrial processes, etc. This European Standard covers energy consumption in all end-use sectors.
39、The standard does not cover energy supply, e.g. in power stations, as it considers only final energy consumption. This European Standard deals with savings on energy supplied to end-users. Some forms of renewable energy “behind-the-meter” (e.g. from solar water heating panels) reduce supplied energy
40、 and therefore can be part of the calculated energy savings. Users of the standard should be aware that this renewable energy behind the meter can also be claimed as energy generated. The standard is meant to be used for ex-post evaluations of realised savings as well as ex-ante evaluations of expec
41、ted savings. This European Standard provides saving calculations for any period chosen. However, short data series may limit the possible periods over which savings can be calculated. The standard is not intended to be used for calculating energy savings of individual households, companies or other
42、end-users. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (includin
43、g any amendments) applies. CWA 15693:2007, Saving Lifetimes of Energy Efficiency Improvement Measures in bottom-up calculations 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply: 3.1 adjustment factor quantifiable parameter affecting energy consumpt
44、ion SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010 Note 1 to entry: Adjustment factors are mainly used in the bottom-up method. EXAMPLE Weather conditions, behaviour related parameters (indoor temperature, light level) working hours, production throughput. 3.2 baseline energy consumption calculated or measured, poss
45、ibly normalised, in the situation without an end-use action Note 1 to entry: The baseline provides a reference against which measurements can be taken or compared. Note 2 to entry: The baseline can contain other actions but not the action under consideration. BS EN 16212:2012EN 16212:2012 (E) 7 3.3
46、bottom-up savings energy savings calculated with bottom-up methods 3.4 bottom-up method determination of energy savings from end-user actions using unitary savings and elementary units of actions 3.5 diffusion indicator indicator showing the penetration of energy saving systems (e.g. efficient equip
47、ment or efficient mode of transport) with given savings per system EXAMPLE Number of solar water heaters, efficient lamps or electrical appliances with a label A+ or A+, percentage of passenger transport by public modes or transport of goods by rail and water. 3.6 double counting claiming energy sav
48、ings more than once for two or more facilitating measures that focus on the same end-user action Note 1 to entry: In most cases, the savings due to the combined effect of two facilitating measures will be lower than the sum of the savings from the separate effects. Note 2 to entry: Double counting c
49、an be the result of overlap. 3.7 driver quantity that is assumed to define the change in energy use under consideration in top-down methods Note 1 to entry: A driver can be an activity (e.g. production) but also a state of a system (e.g. floor space). 3.8 elementary unit of action entity for which unitary energy savings can be defined and summed up Note 1 to entry: Generally it relates to an energy using syst
