1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationPassive RF and microwavedevices, intermodulation level measurementPart 1: General requirements and measuring methodsBS EN 62037-1:2012National forewordThis British Standard is th
2、e UK implementation of EN 62037-1:2012. It isidentical to IEC 62037-1:2012. Together with BS EN 62037-2:2013, BS EN62037-3:2012, BS EN 62037-4:2012, BS EN 62037-5:2013 and BS EN 62037-6:2013, it supersedes BS EN 62037:2000 which will be withdrawn on 15 July2015.The UK participation in its preparatio
3、n was entrusted to Technical CommitteeEPL/46, Cables, wires and waveguides, radio frequency connectors and acces-sories for communication and signalling.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all t
4、he necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 58416 9ICS 33.120.30Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standa
5、rd was published under the authority of the StandardsPolicy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2013.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS EN 62037-1:2012EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 62037-1 NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM August 2012 CENELEC European Committee for
6、Electrotechnical Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels 2012 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members. Ref.
7、 No. EN 62037-1:2012 E ICS 33.040.20 Supersedes EN 62037:1999 (partially)English version Passive RF and microwave devices, intermodulation level measurement - Part 1: General requirements and measuring methods (IEC 62037-1:2012) Dispositifs RF et micro-ondes passifs, mesure du niveau dintermodulatio
8、n - Partie 1: Exigences gnrales et mthodes de mesure (CEI 62037-1:2012) Passive HF- und Mikrowellenbauteile, Messung des Intermodulationspegels - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen und Messverfahren (IEC 62037-1:2012) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2012-07-03. CENELEC members are bo
9、und to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the
10、CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Managemen
11、t Centre has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland
12、, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 62037-1:2012EN 62037-1:2012 - 2 - Foreword The text of document 46/402/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 62037-1, prepar
13、ed by IEC TC 46 “Cables, wires, waveguides, R.F. connectors, R.F. and microwave passive components and accessories“ was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN 62037-1:2012. The following dates are fixed: latest date by which the document has to be implemented at nat
14、ional level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2013-04-03 latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the document have to be withdrawn (dow) 2015-07-03 This document supersedes EN 62037:1999 (PART). Attention is drawn to the possibility that so
15、me of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CENELEC and/or CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 62037-1:2012 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without a
16、ny modification. BS EN 62037-1:2012 2 62037-1 IEC:2012(E) CONTENTS 1 Scope . 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Abbreviations 5 4 Characteristics of intermodulation products . 5 5 Principle of test procedure 6 6 Test set-up . 6 6.1 General . 6 6.2 Test equipment 6 6.2.1 General . 6 6.2.2 Set-up 1 . 7 6.2.
17、3 Set-up 2 . 8 7 Preparation of DUT and test equipment . 8 7.1 General . 8 7.2 Guidelines for minimizing generation of passive intermodulation. 8 8 Test procedure . 10 9 Reporting 10 9.1 Results 10 9.2 Example of results . 10 10 Measurement error . 11 Annex A (informative) Configuration of low-PIM t
18、ermination 15 Annex B (informative) Test procedure considerations . 17 Figure 1 Set-up 1; reverse IM-test set-up 12 Figure 2 Set-up 2; forward IM-test set-up 13 Figure 3 Passive intermodulation (PIM) measurement error caused by residual system error . 14 Figure A.1 Long cable termination 15 Figure A
19、.2 Lumped termination with a linear attenuator . 16 Table 1 Guide for the design, selection of materials and handling of components that may be susceptive to PIM generation 9 Table 2 Test set-up conditions 10 BS EN 62037-1:201262037-1 IEC:2012(E) 5 PASSIVE RF AND MICROWAVE DEVICES, INTERMODULATION L
20、EVEL MEASUREMENT Part 1: General requirements and measuring methods 1 Scope This part of IEC 62037 deals with the general requirements and measuring methods for intermodulation (IM) level measurement of passive RF and microwave components, which can be caused by the presence of two or more transmitt
21、ing signals. The test procedures given in this standard give the general requirements and measurement methods required to characterize the level of unwanted IM signals using two transmitting signals. The standards in this series address the measurement of PIM, but do not cover the long term reliabil
22、ity of a product with reference to its performance. This standard is to be used in conjunction with other appropriate part(s) of IEC 62037. 2 Normative references None. 3 Abbreviations CATV Community antenna television DUT Device under test IM Intermodulation PIM Passive intermodulation 4 Characteri
23、stics of intermodulation products PIM interference is caused by sources of non-linearity of mostly unknown nature, location and behaviour. A few examples are inter-metallic contacts, choice of materials, corrosion products, dirt, etc. Most of these effects are subject to changes over time due to mec
24、hanical stress, temperature changes, variations in material characteristics (cold flow, etc.) and climatic changes, etc. The generation of intermodulation products originates from point-sources inside a DUT and propagate equally in all available directions. The generation of passive intermodulation
25、products (PIM) does not necessarily follow the law of the usual non-linear equation of quadratic form. Therefore, accurate calculation to other power levels causing the intermodulation is not possible and PIM comparisons should be made at the same power level. Furthermore, PIM generation can be freq
26、uency-dependent. When PIM generation is frequency-dependant, the PIM performance shall be investigated over the specified frequency band. BS EN 62037-1:2012 6 62037-1 IEC:2012(E) 5 Principle of test procedure Test signals of frequencies f1and f2with equal specified test port power levels are combine
27、d and fed to the DUT. The test signals should contain at least 10 dB less harmonic or self-intermodulation signal level than the expected level generated in the DUT. The PIM is measured over the specified frequency range. The intermodulation products of order (2f1 f2), (2f2 f1) etc. are measured. In
28、 most cases, the third order intermodulation signals represent the worst case condition of unwanted signals generated; therefore, the measurement of these signals characterizes the DUT in a sufficient way. However, the test set-ups given in Clause 6 are suitable for measuring other intermodulation p
29、roducts. In other systems (such as CATV), the 3rdorder may not be as applicable in characterizing the DUT. Intermodulation can be measured in reverse and forward direction. Reverse and forward is referred to the direction of propagation of the most powerful carrier. 6 Test set-up 6.1 General Experie
30、nce shows that the generation of intermodulation products originates from point-sources inside a device under test (DUT) and propagates equally in all available directions. Therefore, either the reverse (reflected) or the forward (transmitted) intermodulation signal can be measured. Two different te
31、st set-ups are described in Figure 1 and Figure 2 and are for reference only. Other topologies are possible. Set-up 1 is for measuring the reverse (reflected) intermodulation signal only, and set-up 2 is for measuring the forward (transmitted) intermodulation signal. The measurement method (reverse
32、or forward) is dependent upon the DUT. The set-ups may be assembled from standard microwave or radio link hardware selected for this particular application. All components shall be checked for lowest self-intermodulation generation. Experience shows that devices containing magnetic materials (circul
33、ators, isolators, etc.) can be prominent sources of intermodulation signal generation. See Annex B for additional set-up considerations. 6.2 Test equipment 6.2.1 General Two signal sources or signal generators with power amplifiers are required to reach the specified test port power. The combining a
34、nd diplexing device may comprise a circulator, hybrid junction, coupler or filter network. The test set-up self-intermodulation generated (including contribution of the load) should be at least 10 dB below the level to be measured on the DUT. The associated error may be obtained from the graph in Fi
35、gure 3. BS EN 62037-1:201262037-1 IEC:2012(E) 7 The DUT shall be terminated by a load for the specified power if necessary. The receiving bandpass filter, tuned for the desired intermodulation signal, is followed by a low noise amplifier (if required) and a receiver. See Annex B for additional set-u
36、p considerations. 6.2.2 Set-up 1 This set-up is to measure the reverse (reflected) IM-product and is therefore suitable for 1-port and multi-port DUTs. On multi-port DUTs, the unused ports shall be connected to a linear termination. a) Generators The generators shall provide continuous wave (CW) sig
37、nals of the specified test port power. They shall have sufficient frequency stability to make sure that the IM-product can be detected properly by the receiver. b) Transmit-filters The filters are bandpass-filters tuned to the particular frequencies. They isolate the generators from each other and f
38、ilter out the harmonics of f1and f2. c) Combining and diplexing device This device is used for combining the signals f1and f2, delivering them to the test port and provides a port for the extraction of the reverse (reflected) signal fIM. d) Receive-filter This filter is used for isolating the input
39、of the receiver from the signals f1and f2to the extent that IM-products are not generated within the receiver. e) Test port The DUT is connected to P4. The specified input power shall be at the DUT, with any set-up loss between the receiver and the DUT compensated for. f) Termination When a multi-po
40、rt DUT is measured, the DUT shall be connected to a sufficiently linear termination (low intermodulation) of suitable power handling capability. g) Receiver The receiver shall be sensitive enough to detect a signal of the expected power level. The receiver response time shall be sufficiently short t
41、o allow acquisition of rapid changes in amplitude. Sensitivity can be increased by a low noise preamplifier. Frequency stability shall be sufficient for the proper detection of the IM-signal. When the PIM measurement result is close to the thermal noise floor of the receiver, the receiver sensitivit
42、y can be improved by reducing the resolution bandwidth (RBW). Furthermore, by using the averaging mode rather than the max-hold mode, a further improvement can be achieved, since the max-hold mode essentially measures the maximum thermal noise peak, while the averaging mode results in a measurement
43、that is closer to the r.m.s. value. BS EN 62037-1:2012 8 62037-1 IEC:2012(E) 6.2.3 Set-up 2 This set-up is to measure the forward (transmitted) IM-product and is therefore suitable only for two- or multi-port DUTs. All components are the same as those of set-up 1, except for those as noted below: a)
44、 Combining and diplexing device The extraction-port P3 on this device shall be terminated to prevent reflection of the IM-signals. b) Diplexing device The signals f1, f2 and fIM are split to P6 and P7. This device, together with an additional receive-filter, is used for the extraction of the intermo
45、dulation signals. 7 Preparation of DUT and test equipment 7.1 General The DUT and test equipment shall be carefully checked for proper power handling range, frequency range, cleanliness and correct interconnection dimensions. All connector interfaces shall be tightened to the applicable IEC specific
46、ation or, if none exists, to the manufacturers recommended specification. See Annex B for additional set-up considerations. 7.2 Guidelines for minimizing generation of passive intermodulation The following guidelines and Table 1 should be considered and adhered to wherever possible. a) Non-linear ma
47、terials should not be used in or near the current paths. b) Current densities should be minimized in the conduction paths (e.g. Tx channel), by using larger conductors. c) Minimize metallic junctions, avoid loose contacts and rotating joints. d) Minimize the exposure of loose contacts, rough surface
48、s and sharp edges to RF power. e) Keep thermal variations to a minimum, as the expansion and contraction of metals can create non-linear contacts. f) Use brazed, soldered or welded joints if possible but ensure these joints are good and have no non-linear materials, cracks, contamination or corrosio
49、n. g) Avoid having tuning screws or moving parts in the high current paths if necessary, then ensure all joints are tight and clean, and preferably, free from vibration. h) Cable lengths in general should be minimized and the use of high quality, low-IM cable is essential. i) Minimize the use of non-linear components such as high-PIM loads, circulators, isolators and semiconductor devices. j) Achieve good isolation between the high-power transmit signals and the low-power receive signals by filtering and
