1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 16903:2015Petroleum and natural gasindustries Characteristics ofLNG, influencing the design,and material selectionBS EN ISO 16903:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO16903:2015. It supersedes BS EN 1160:1997
2、 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PSE/17, Materials and equipment for petroleum,petrochemical and natural gas industries.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication doe
3、s not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 81560 7ICS 75.180.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal o
4、bligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2015.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 16903 June 2015 ICS 75.180.01 Supersedes EN 1160:1996English
5、Version Petroleum and natural gas industries - Characteristics of LNG, influencing the design, and material selection (ISO 16903:2015)Ptrole et industries du gaz naturel - Caractristiques du GNL influant sur la conception et le choix des matriaux (ISO 16903:2015) Erdl- und Erdgasindustrie - Eigensch
6、aften von Flssigerdgas mit Einfluss auf die Auslegung und die Materialauswahl (ISO 16903:2015) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 April 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the s
7、tatus of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French,
8、 German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cr
9、oatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
10、 United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No
11、. EN ISO 16903:2015 EBS EN ISO 16903:2015EN ISO 16903:2015 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN ISO 16903:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67 “Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries“ in collaboration with Technic
12、al Committee CEN/TC 282 “Installation and equipment for LNG” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2015, and conflicting national stan
13、dards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 1
14、160:1996. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, F
15、rance, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 16903:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN
16、ISO 16903:2015 without any modification. BS EN ISO 16903:2015ISO 16903:2015(E)Foreword iv1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Abbreviated terms 25 General characteristics of LNG . 25.1 General . 25.2 Properties of LNG . 25.2.1 Composition . 25.2.2 Density 25.2.3 Temperatur
17、e 35.2.4 Viscosity 35.2.5 Examples of LNG 35.3 Physical properties 35.3.1 Physical properties of boil-off gas . 35.3.2 Flash 45.3.3 Spillage of LNG . 45.3.4 Expansion and dispersion of gas clouds 45.3.5 Ignition . 55.3.6 Pool fires . 55.3.7 Development and consequences of pressure waves . 55.3.8 Con
18、tainment 55.3.9 Rollover 55.3.10 RPT . 65.3.11 BLEVE 66 Health and safety 66.1 General . 66.2 Exposure to cold 76.2.1 Warning notice 76.2.2 Handling, cold contact burns. 76.2.3 Frostbite 76.2.4 Effect of cold on the lungs 76.2.5 Hypothermia . 76.2.6 Recommended protective clothing 76.3 Exposure to g
19、as . 76.3.1 Toxicity . 76.3.2 Asphyxia 76.4 Fire precautions and protection 86.5 Colour 86.6 Odour . 87 Materials of construction 87.1 Materials used in the LNG industry. 87.1.1 General 87.1.2 Materials in direct contact . 87.1.3 Materials not in direct contact under normal operation. 97.1.4 Other i
20、nformation . 97.2 Thermal stresses 10Bibliography .11 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS EN ISO 16903:2015ISO 16903:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing I
21、nternational Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison
22、 with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directi
23、ves, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some
24、of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarati
25、ons received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about
26、ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries.iv I
27、SO 2015 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 16903:2015INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16903:2015(E)Petroleum and natural gas industries Characteristics of LNG, influencing the design, and material selection1 ScopeThis International Standard gives guidance on the characteristics of liquefied natural gas (LNG) an
28、d the cryogenic materials used in the LNG industry. It also gives guidance on health and safety matters. It is intended to act as a reference document for the implementation of other standards in the liquefied natural gas field. It is intended as a reference for use by persons who design or operate
29、LNG facilities.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (inclu
30、ding any amendments) appliesEN 1473, Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas Design of onshore installationsNFPA 59A, Standard for the production, storage, and handling of liquefied natural gas (LNG)3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and defini
31、tions apply.3.1boil-off gasgas generated during the storage or handling of volatile liquefied gases3.2condensatehydrocarbon liquid that forms by condensation from natural gas, consisting primarily of pentanes (C5H12) and heavier componentsNote 1 to entry: There will be some propane and butane dissol
32、ved within the mixture.3.3liquefied natural gasLNGcolourless and odourless cryogenic fluid in the liquid state at normal pressure composed predominantly of methane which can contain minor quantities of ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen, or other components normally found in natural gas3.4liquefied p
33、etroleum gasLPGgaseous hydrocarbons at normal temperatures and pressures, but that readily turns into liquids under moderate pressure at normal temperatures, e.g. propane and butane3.5natural gas liquidsNGLliquid hydrocarbons, such as ethane, propane, butane, pentane, and natural gasoline, extracted
34、 from field natural gas ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 16903:2015ISO 16903:2015(E)4 Abbreviated termsFor the purposes of this International Standard, the following abbreviations apply.BLEVE boiling liquid expanding vapour explosionLPG liquid petroleum gasQRA quantitative risk analysisRPT ra
35、pid phase transitionSEP surface emissive power5 General characteristics of LNG5.1 GeneralIt is recommended that all personnel concerned with the handling of LNG should be familiar with both the characteristics of the liquid and the gas produced.The potential hazard in handling LNG stems mainly from
36、three important properties.a) It is extremely cold. At atmospheric pressure, depending upon composition, LNG boils at about 160 C. At this temperature, the vapour is denser than ambient air.b) Very small quantities of liquid are converted into large volumes of gas. One volume of LNG produces approxi
37、mately 600 volumes of gas.c) Natural gas, similar to other gaseous hydrocarbons, is flammable. At ambient conditions, the flammable mixture range with air is from approximately 5 % to 15 % gas by volume. If vapour accumulates in a confined space, ignition can result in detonation and shock wave over
38、pressure.This International Standard focuses on LNG, its properties, and resultant hazards. When evaluating the hazards at an LNG site, designers need to consider all systems present. Often, the LNG itself does not present the greatest hazard; other systems such as LPG-based refrigeration at the liq
39、uefaction plant or high pressure gas send out at a regasification plant can dominate the overall site risk profile.5.2 Properties of LNG5.2.1 CompositionLNG is a mixture of hydrocarbons composed predominantly of methane and which can contain minor quantities of ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen, or
40、other components, normally found in natural gas. The physical and thermodynamic properties of methane and other components of natural gas can be found in reference books (see Annex A) and thermodynamic calculation codes. Although the major constituent of LNG is methane, it should not be assumed that
41、 LNG is pure methane for the purpose of estimating its behaviour. When analysing the composition of LNG, special care should be taken to obtain representative samples not causing false analysis results due to distillation effects. The most common method is to analyse a small stream of continuously e
42、vaporated product using a specific LNG sampling device that is designed to provide a representative gas sample of liquid without fractionation. Another method is to take a sample from the outlet of the main product vaporizers. This sample can then be analysed by normal gas chromatographic methods, s
43、uch as those described in ISO 6568 or ISO 6974.5.2.2 DensityThe density of LNG depends on the composition and usually ranges from 420 kg/m3to 470 kg/m3, but in some cases can be as high as 520 kg/m3. Density is also a function of the liquid temperature with a gradient 2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedB
44、S EN ISO 16903:2015ISO 16903:2015(E)of about 1,4 kg/m3/K. Density can be measured directly but is generally calculated from composition determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The method as defined in ISO 6578 is recommended.NOTE This method is generally known as revised Klosek-McKinley method.5
45、.2.3 TemperatureLNG has a boiling temperature depending on composition and usually ranging from 166 C to 157 C at atmospheric pressure. The variation of the boiling temperature with the vapour pressure is about 1,25 104C/Pa. The temperature of LNG is commonly measured by using copper/copper nickel t
46、hermocouples or using platinum resistance thermometers such as those defined in ISO 8310.5.2.4 ViscosityThe viscosity of LNG depends on the composition and is usually from 1,0 104to 2,0 104Pat 160 C, which is nearly 1/10 to 1/5 of the water. Viscosity is also a function of the liquid temperature.5.2
47、.5 Examples of LNGThree typical examples of LNG are shown in Table 1 below which demonstrates the property variations with different compositions1).Table 1 Examples of LNGProperties at boiling temperature at normal pressureLNG Example 1 LNG Example 2 LNG Example 3Molar content (%) N20,13 1,79 0,36CH
48、499,8 93,9 87, 20C2H60,07 3,26 8,61C3H8 0,69 2,74i C4H10 0,12 0,42n C4H10 0,15 0,65C5H12 0,09 0,02Molecular weight (kg/kmol) 16,07 17,07 18,52Boiling temperature (C) 161,9 166,5 161,3Density (kg/m3) 422 448,8 468,7Volume of gas measured at 0 C and 101 325 Pa/volume of liquid (m3/m3)588 590 568Volume
49、 of gas measured at 0 C and 101 325 Pa/mass of liquid (m3/103kg)1 392 1 314 1 211Mass heat of vaporization (kJ/kg) 525,6 679,5 675,5Gross heating value (MJ/m3) 37,75 38,76 42,595.3 Physical properties5.3.1 Physical properties of boil-off gasLNG is stored in bulk as a boiling liquid in large, thermally insulated tanks. Any heat leak into the tank causes some of the liquid to evaporate as a gas. This gas is known as boil-off gas. The composition of the boil-off gas depends on the composition of the liquid. As an example, the boi
