1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 17186:2011Leather Physical and mechanical tests Determination of surface coating thickness (ISO 17186:2011)BS EN ISO 17186:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis Br
2、itish Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 17186:2011. It supersedes BS EN ISO 17186:2002, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee TCI/69, Footwear, leather and coated fabrics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
3、obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012 ISBN 978 0 580 67804 2 ICS 59.140.30 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confe
4、r immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e d EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 17186 December 2011 ICS
5、 59.140.30 Supersedes EN ISO 17186:2002English Version Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of surface coating thickness (ISO 17186:2011) Cuir - Essais physiques et mcaniques - Dtermination de lpaisseur du revtement de surface (ISO 17186:2011) Leder - Physikalische und mechanische
6、 Prfungen - Bestimmung der Dicke der Oberflchendeckschicht (ISO 17186:2011) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 December 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a natio
7、nal standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A vers
8、ion in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, C
9、zech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT E
10、UROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 17186:2011: EBS EN ISO 17186:2011 EN ISO 17186:2011 (E) 3 Foreword
11、 This document (EN ISO 17186:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 289 “Leather“, the secretariat of which is held by UNI, in collaboration with IULTCS “International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies“. This European Standard shall be given the status of a nationa
12、l standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights
13、. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN ISO 17186:2002. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standa
14、rd: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United K
15、ingdom. BS EN ISO 17186:2011ISO 17186:2011(E) IULTCS/IUP 41:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved iiiForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
16、carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the wo
17、rk. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare Inte
18、rnational Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of t
19、he elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 17186 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 289, Leather, in collaboration with the Physical Te
20、st Commission of the International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies (IUP Commission, IULTCS), in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement). IULTCS, originally formed in 1897, is a world-wide organization of professional leather
21、 societies to further the advancement of leather science and technology. IULTCS has three Commissions, which are responsible for establishing international methods for the sampling and testing of leather. ISO recognizes IULTCS as an international standardizing body for the preparation of test method
22、s for leather. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 17186:2002), which has been technically revised, particularly in Clause 6 with the addition of alternative methods of measurement and analysis. BS EN ISO 17186:2011BS EN ISO 17186:2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17186:2011
23、(E)IULTCS/IUP 41:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 1Leather Physical and mechanical tests Determination of surface coating thickness 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method for determining the thickness of the surface coating applied to leather when measured under zero compression.
24、 It is applicable to all types of leather. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amen
25、dments) applies. ISO 2418, Leather Chemical, physical and mechanical and fastness tests Sampling location ISO 2419, Leather Physical and mechanical tests Sample preparation and conditioning 3 Principle A section of leather is taken perpendicular to the coated surface. The thickness of the surface co
26、ating is measured using a microscope and expressed both as a thickness and as a percentage of the total thickness. 4 Apparatus 4.1 Light microscope or scanning electron microscope, which can be operated with an object-field size of 1 mm 1 mm, or lower, and is fitted with a camera-image unit connecte
27、d to a computer (resolution of at least 500 500 pixels), or fitted with a photographical unit, or equipped with an eyepiece with a graduated scale (at least 100 scale marks). NOTE 100 scale marks correspond to a scaling of 10 m in the object-field dimension for an object-field size of 1 mm 1 mm. For
28、 measurement of coating thicknesses of less than 50 m, an object-field size of 0,4 mm 0,4 mm or lower has to be used. For measurement of values of less than 15 m, a scanning electron microscope with a suitable object-field dimension should be used. 4.2 Razor blade. 4.3 Grid or similar calibration de
29、vice, reading to at least 10 m and suitable for use in the light microscope or scanning electron microscope. 4.4 Coating unit, using sputter or evaporation, including a suitable element or alloy (e.g. gold) for coating, if a scanning electron microscope is used. 4.5 Specimen stubs, suitable for a sc
30、anning electron microscope. BS EN ISO 17186:2011ISO 17186:2011(E) IULTCS/IUP 41:2011(E) 2 ISO 2011 All rights reserved5 Sampling and sample preparation 5.1 Sample in accordance with ISO 2418. Condition in accordance with ISO 2419. 5.2 Cut three test pieces of approximately 10 mm 10 mm. If there is a
31、 requirement for more than two hides or skins to be tested in one batch, then only one test piece need be taken from each hide or skin, provided that the overall total is not less than three pieces. Section each of the three test pieces as described in 5.3. 5.3 Place the cutting edge of the razor bl
32、ade (4.2) on the flesh side, with the blade perpendicular to the leather surface, and press the blade through the whole thickness of the leather, ensuring that the blade remains vertical. It is recommended that a new razor blade be used for each section. If using a scanning electron microscope, stic
33、k a section prepared as described above onto a specimen stub (4.5) with the cut surface uppermost. Coat the stub and section in the coating unit (4.4) so that a sufficient image quality can be obtained. 6 Procedure 6.1 General descriptions 6.1.1 Principles of measurement This International Standard
34、describes two basic principles to measure the surface coating thickness. Method A is based on the measurement of a number of values on equidistant positions (see Figure 1). It enables the determination of a standard deviation as well as a confidence interval. Method B is based on a measurement using
35、 parallel lines (see Figure 2). A statistical evaluation of the results is not possible due to the fact that the operator has to position the graduation of the grid between peaks and troughs manually. This process already includes a calculation of the average. Method A should be preferred. Methods A
36、 and B can be used for light microscopes as well as for scanning electron microscopes. The working distance and the acceleration voltage of the scanning electron microscope shall be the same for calibration and measurement of the sample. 321Key 1 leather 2 coating 3 equidistant single measurement Fi
37、gure 1 Principle of method A BS EN ISO 17186:2011ISO 17186:2011(E) IULTCS/IUP 41:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 3321Key 1 leather 2 coating 3 graduated scale or parallel lines Figure 2 Principle of method B 6.1.2 Magnification and calibration Due to the variation in the typical thickness of su
38、rface coating (e.g. 10 m to 200 m) and the total thickness of leather (e.g. 800 m to 3 000 m), it is usually necessary to use different magnifications of the microscope. For each case, select a suitable magnification, which allows a reliable measurement of the thickness. Calibrate the measurement sy
39、stem following the detailed instructions in 6.2 and 6.3 for each magnification used. 6.2 Method A Based on the measurement of single values on equidistant positions 6.2.1 Measurement using measuring marks of a suitable computer program as analysis unit of the microscope 6.2.1.1 Calibrate the measuri
40、ng system of the microscope (4.1) using the grid (4.3). Follow the instructions in the manual for the system used. 6.2.1.2 Place one section prepared in 5.3 under the microscope. Start the measurement at a random point of the cross-section and adjust this point in the middle of the field of vision.
41、According to the software of the measuring system, set the starting point of the measurement in the coating/leather boundary. 6.2.1.3 Then set the measuring point on the surface of the leather, at which the adjustment has to be executed, perpendicular to the run of the coating boundary (see Figure 1
42、). Note the indicated distance. 6.2.1.4 Move the sample parallel to the surface by moving the microscope table over a defined distance of one field of vision or a fix offset (i.e. 50 m to 500 m) so that a new measuring point is located in the middle of the field of vision. The distance between two m
43、easurements shall be larger than the coating thickness. Measure the coating thickness at this point as described in 6.2.1.3. 6.2.1.5 Continue the measurement in the manner described in 6.2.1.2 to 6.2.1.4, until at least six measurements have been carried out. 6.2.1.6 Convert all readings obtained to
44、 micrometres using the calibration described in 6.2.1.1. 6.2.1.7 Measure the total thickness using the procedure described in 6.2.1.2 to 6.2.1.6, aligning the measurement point to the flesh side of the leather. BS EN ISO 17186:2011ISO 17186:2011(E) IULTCS/IUP 41:2011(E) 4 ISO 2011 All rights reserve
45、d6.2.1.8 Repeat 6.2.1.2 to 6.2.1.7 for the two remaining sections. 6.2.1.9 Calculate the arithmetic mean of all single values of thickness and total thickness. Express the coating thickness to the nearest 5 m for a coating thickness of 50 m or higher, and to the nearest 2 m for a coating thickness l
46、ess than 50 m. Express the total thickness to the nearest 10 m. If required, calculate the standard deviation as follows: 2()1ittsnwhere s is the standard deviation; tiis the single value of the coating thickness; t is the mean of the coating thickness; n is the number of single measurements. 6.2.2
47、Measurement using a light microscope fitted with a graduated scale 6.2.2.1 Calibrate the microscope with the graduated scale (4.1) using the grid (4.3). 6.2.2.2 Place one section prepared in 5.3 under the microscope. Start the measurement at a random point of the cross-section and adjust this point
48、in the middle of the field of vision. Position the section such that the crosswire or one of the major graduations is aligned with the coating/leather boundary exactly at this point of the cross-section. Take the reading of the scale graduation corresponding to the outer surface of the coating at th
49、e measuring point. 6.2.2.3 Move the sample parallel to the surface by moving the microscope table over a defined distance on one field of vision or a fix offset (i.e. 50 m to 500 m) so that a new measuring point is located in the middle of the field of vision. The distance between two measurements shall be larger than the coating thickness. Measure the coating thickness at this point as described in 6.2.2.2. 6.2.2.4 Continue the measurement in the manner described in 6.2.2.2 and 6.2.2.3,
