1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 17828:2015Solid biofuels Determinationof bulk densityBS EN ISO 17828:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO17828:2015. It supersedes BS EN 15103:2009 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation
2、was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The Br
3、itish Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 81421 1ICS 27.190; 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on
4、31 January 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 17828 December 2015 ICS 75.160.10; 27.190 Supersedes EN 15103:2009English Version Solid biofuels - Determination of bulk density (ISO 17828:2015) Biocomb
5、ustibles solides - Dtermination de la masse volumique apparente (ISO 17828:2015) Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Schttdichte (ISO 17828:2015) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 17 October 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipul
6、ate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European St
7、andard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the n
8、ational standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
9、Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any
10、means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 17828:2015 EBS EN ISO 17828:2015EN ISO 17828:2015 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN ISO 17828:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 “Solid biofuels“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “So
11、lid biofuels” the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2016.
12、Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 15103:2009. This document has been prepared under a mandat
13、e given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Repu
14、blic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endo
15、rsement notice The text of ISO 17828:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 17828:2015 without any modification. BS EN ISO 17828:2015ISO 17828:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle 15 Apparatus . 15.1 Measuring containers 15.1.1 Ge
16、neral 15.1.2 Large container . 25.1.3 Small container . 25.2 Balances 35.2.1 Balance 1 . 35.2.2 Balance 2 . 35.3 Scantlings . 35.4 Wooden board . 36 Sample preparation . 37 Procedure. 37.1 Determination of the container volume 37.2 Container selection . 37.3 Measurement procedure 38 Calculation 48.1
17、 Calculation of bulk density as received 48.2 Calculation of bulk density on dry basis . 59 Performance characteristics 59.1 General . 59.2 Repeatability . 59.3 Reproducibility . 510 Test report . 5Annex A (informative) Measuring differences of sample treatment with and without shock impact . 7Bibli
18、ography 8 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS EN ISO 17828:2015ISO 17828:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried o
19、ut through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO c
20、ollaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different app
21、roval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
22、subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any t
23、rade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the
24、Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17828:2015ISO 17828:2015(E)IntroductionBulk density is an important parameter for fuel deliv
25、eries on volume basis, and together with the net calorific value, it determines the energy density. It also facilitates the estimation of space requirements for transport and storage. This International Standard describes the determination of the bulk density of pourable solid biofuels, which can be
26、 conveyed in a continuous material flow.For practical reasons, two standard measuring containers with a volume of 5 l or 50 l were chosen for the determination. Due to the limited volume of these containers, some fuels are therefore excluded from the scope of this International Standard. This, for e
27、xample, applies for chunk wood, non-comminuted bark, baled material and larger briquettes. The bulk density of such fuels can be calculated from their mass and the volume of the container or lorry used for transportation.To decide on the actual storage volume requirement of a solid biofuel the diffe
28、rent storage conditions, which usually differ largely from the conditions of sample analysis (e.g. height of heap versus volume of the standard measuring container, moisture content) also have to be taken into account.The described method herein includes a defined shock exposure of the bulk material
29、 for several reasons. A shock leads to a certain volume reduction, which accounts for compaction effects occurring during the production chain. These compaction effects are mainly due the fact, that the fuel is usually transported and/or stored in containers or silos that are much larger than the me
30、asuring container as chosen for the described method. Thus, in practice, the higher mass load leads to an increased load pressure and to settling of the material, which can also be additionally enhanced by the vibrations during transportation. Furthermore, filling or unloading operations in practice
31、 usually apply a higher falling depth than the one chosen for the performed test. This will also result in a respectively higher compaction due to the increased kinetic energy of the particles falling. A procedure which applies a controlled shock to the sample was thus believed to reflect the practi
32、cally prevailing bulk density in a better way than a method without shock. This is particularly true when the mass of a delivered fuel has to be estimated from the volume load of a transporting vehicle, which is a common procedure in many countries. For a rough estimation on how susceptible the diff
33、erent solid biofuels are towards the shock exposure, some research data are given in Annex A. The data show a compaction effect between 6 % and 18 % for biomass fuels. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS EN ISO 17828:2015BS EN ISO 17828:2015Solid biofuels Determination of bulk density1 ScopeThis Intern
34、ational Standard defines a method of determining bulk density of solid biofuels by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all pourable solid biofuels with a nominal top size of maximum 100 mm.Bulk density is not an absolute value; therefore, conditions for its determ
35、ination have to be standardized in order to gain comparative measuring results.NOTE Bulk density of solid biofuels is subject to variation due to several factors such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying, and wetting. Measured bulk density can therefore deviate from actual condition
36、s during transportation, storage, or transhipment.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest editio
37、n of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 14780, Solid biofuels Sample preparation1)ISO 16559, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptionsISO 18134-1, Solid biofuels Determination of moisture content Oven dry method, Part 1: Total moisture Reference methodISO 1
38、8134-2, Solid biofuels Determination of moisture content Oven dry method, Part 2: Total moisture Simplified procedureISO 18135, Solid biofuels Sampling1)3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 16559 apply.4 PrincipleA standard container is fil
39、led with the test portion of a given size and shape, densified by defined shock exposure and weighed afterwards. The bulk density is calculated from the net weight per standard volume and reported with the determined moisture content.5 Apparatus5.1 Measuring containers5.1.1 GeneralThe container shal
40、l be cylindrically shaped and manufactured of a shock resistant, smooth-surfaced material. The container shall be resistant to deformation in order to prevent any variation in shape 1) In preparation.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17828:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 17828:2015ISO 17828
41、:2015(E)and volume. The container has to be waterproof. For easier handling, grips can be fixed externally. The height-diameter-ratio shall be within 1,25 and 1,50.KeyD1 = 360 mmH1 = 491 mmFigure 1 Large measuring containerKeyD2 = 167 mmH2 = 228 mmFigure 2 Small measuring container5.1.2 Large contai
42、nerThe large measuring container (see Figure 1) has a filling volume of 50 l (0,05 m3) volume. The volume can deviate by 1 l (= 2 %). It shall have an effective (inner) diameter of 360 mm and an effective (inner) height of 491 mm (see Figure 1). Deviations from these dimensions are tolerable, if the
43、 height-diameter-ratio remains as given in 5.1.1.5.1.3 Small containerThe small measuring container (see Figure 2) has a filling volume of 5 l (0,005 m3) volume. The volume can deviate by 0,1 l (= 2 %). It shall have an effective (inner) diameter of 167 mm and an effective (inner) height of 228 mm (
44、see Figure 2). Deviations from these dimensions are tolerable, if the height-diameter-ratio remains as given in 5.1.1.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17828:2015ISO 17828:2015(E)5.2 Balances5.2.1 Balance 1A balance shall be capable of reading to the nearest 10 g. This balance shall be used fo
45、r measurements with the large container.5.2.2 Balance 2A balance shall be capable of reading to the nearest 1 g. This balance shall be used for measurements with the small container.5.3 ScantlingsA rigid scantling with a length exceeding the diameter of the container in 5.1.1 shall be used for level
46、ling the material in the measuring container by lateral movements of the scantling across the rim of the measuring container.NOTE It is advisable to use a second scantling or other device for spacing the dropping height of 150 mm between the measuring container and the wooden board in 5.4.5.4 Wooden
47、 boardA flat wooden board e.g. oriented strand board (OSB) with a thickness of approximately 15 mm and sufficient in size for dropping the container during shock exposure.6 Sample preparationSampling shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 18135. If necessary, the sample can be divided in to tes
48、t portions in accordance with ISO 14780. The test portion volume shall exceed the volume of the container measures by minimum of 30 %.NOTE Precautions should be taken to ensure that the moisture is evenly distributed within the sample.7 Procedure7.1 Determination of the container volumeBefore use, t
49、he mass and filling volume of the container shall be determined. Weigh the empty, clean, and dry container on the balance (5.2.1 or 5.2.2). Then fill the container with water and a few drops of wetting agent (e.g. liquid soap) until maximum capacity; then weigh it again. The water should be at a temperature between 10 C and 20 C. Calculate the volume (V) of the container from the net weight of water and the density of the water (1 kg/dm3) and record the result rounded to the nearest 0,01 l (0,000 01 m3) for the large container or 0,0
