1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 18123:2015Solid biofuels Determinationof the content of volatilematter BS EN ISO 18123:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO18123:2015.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommitt
2、ee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015.
3、Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 81428 0ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2015.Amendments/corrigenda is
4、sued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 18123 November 2015 ICS 75.160.10 English Version Solid biofuels - Determination of the content of volatile matter (ISO 18123:2015) Biocombustibles solides - Mthode de dtermination de la teneur
5、 en matires volatiles (ISO 18123:2015) Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Gehaltes an flchtigen Bestandteilen (ISO 18123:2015) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 September 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the condition
6、s for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in
7、three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards
8、 bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Sloveni
9、a, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey andUnited Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved wor
10、ldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 18123:2015 EBS EN ISO 18123:2015EN ISO 18123:2015 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN ISO 18123:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 “Solid biofuels“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the
11、secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2016. Attention is drawn t
12、o the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European F
13、ree Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic
14、, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsem
15、ent notice The text of ISO 18123:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 18123:2015 without any modification. BS EN ISO 18123:2015ISO 18123:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle 25 Apparatus . 25.1 Furnace 25.2 Thermocouples and tem
16、perature calibration 35.3 Crucible 35.4 Crucible stand 45.5 Balance . 55.6 Desiccator and desiccant 56 Sample preparation . 56.1 Sample size . 56.2 Sample conditioning. 57 Procedure. 67.1 Conditioning of crucibles . 67.2 Charging of crucibles . 67.3 Volatilization of test portion 68 Calculation 69 P
17、erformance characteristics 79.1 Repeatability . 79.2 Reproducibility . 710 Test report . 7Bibliography 8 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS EN ISO 18123:2015ISO 18123:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
18、bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizat
19、ions, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its furth
20、er maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directive
21、s).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Intr
22、oduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to c
23、onformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS EN I
24、SO 18123:2015ISO 18123:2015(E)IntroductionThe volatile matter content is determined as the loss in mass, less that due to moisture, when a solid biofuel is heated out of contact with air under standardised conditions. The test is empirical and, in order to ensure reproducible results, it is essentia
25、l that the rate of heating, the final temperature, and the overall duration of the test are carefully controlled. It is also essential to exclude air from the solid biofuel during heating to prevent oxidation. The fit of the crucible lid is therefore critical. The moisture content of the general ana
26、lysis sample is determined at the same time as the volatile matter so that the appropriate correction can be made. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS EN ISO 18123:2015BS EN ISO 18123:2015Solid biofuels Determination of the content of volatile matter1 ScopeThis International Standard aims to define the
27、 requirements and method used to determine the volatile matter content of solid biofuels. It is intended for persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools, and entire plants related to solid biofuels, and to all persons and organisations involved in
28、 producing, purchasing, selling, and utilizing solid biofuels.The volatile matter content is determined as the loss in mass, less that due to moisture, when solid biofuel is subject to partial pyrolysis under standardized conditions.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part,
29、 are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 16559, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions an
30、d descriptionsISO 18134-3, Solid biofuels Determination of moisture content Oven dry method Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sampleEN 147781),Solid Biofuels SamplingEN 147802), Solid biofuels Sample preparation3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions gi
31、ven in ISO 16559 and the following apply.3.1nominal top sizeaperture of the sieve where at least 95 % by mass of the material passesSOURCE: ISO 165593.2laboratory samplecombined sample or a sub-sample of a combined sample for use in a laboratorySOURCE: ISO 165593.3test portionsub-sample either of a
32、laboratory sample or a test sampleSOURCE: ISO 165591) To be replaced by ISO 18135.2) To be replaced by ISO 14780.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18123:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 18123:2015ISO 18123:2015(E)3.4general analysis samplesub-sample of a laboratory sample having a nominal to
33、p size of 1 mm or less and used for a number of chemical and physical analysesSOURCE: ISO 165594 PrincipleA portion of the general analysis sample is heated mostly out of contact with air at 900 C 10 C for 7 min. The furnace is normally not equipped with a vacuum however there is a partial vacuum cr
34、eated during heating to a degree depending on air influx during charging of the test portion into the chamber and the air trapped in the crucible before the lid is put on. The percentage of volatile matter is calculated from the loss in mass of the test portion after deducting the loss in mass due t
35、o moisture.Automatic equipment may be used when the method is validated with biomass reference samples of an adequate biomass type. The automatic equipment shall fulfil all the requirements given in Clauses 5 to 8 regarding sample size, atmosphere, temperatures, and weighing accuracy.5 Apparatus5.1
36、FurnaceThe furnace shall be heated by electricity, in which a zone of uniform temperature of 900 C 10 C can be maintained (see example in Figure 1).NOTE It is important for furnaces to have flues so that the furnace door seals well. The flue should not reach far out of the oven and should be fitted
37、with a butterfly valve to restrict airflow through the furnace.Its heating capacity shall be such that, with an initial temperature of 900 C 10 C, the temperature is regained within 4 min after insertion of a cold stand and its crucibles. The temperature is measured with a thermocouple, as described
38、 in 5.2.Normally the furnace will be designed specifically either for multiple determinations using a number of crucibles in one stand or for receiving one crucible and its stand.The crucible stand shall be placed in the middle of the furnace. The temperature of 900 C shall be attained as closely as
39、 possible with a specified tolerance of 10 C in order to compensate for inherent errors in the temperature measurement and lack of uniformity in the temperature distribution.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 18123:2015ISO 18123:2015(E)Dimensions in millimetresFigure 1 Example of suitable furna
40、ceKey1 flue 5 zone of uniform temperature2 valve 6 check thermocouple3 thermocouple 7 chamber (width 700 mm)4 heating system5.2 Thermocouples and temperature calibrationA sheathed thermocouple shall be permanently installed in the furnace (see right hand side of Figure 1) with its thermo junction as
41、 close as possible to the centre of the heating chamber.An unsheathed thermocouple (see left hand side of Figure 1) long enough to reach the centre of the heating chamber is used for calibration.The furnace temperature readings shall be checked at regular time intervals with an unsheathed calibrated
42、 thermocouple. The unsheathed thermocouple (see Clause 5) shall be positioned as close as possible to the area of the permanently installed thermocouple.NOTE The temperature/electromotive force (EMF) relationship of a thermo junction maintained at elevated temperatures gradually changes with time, w
43、hich means that the time for the determination should not be longer than necessary.5.3 CrucibleThe crucible shall be cylindrical, with a well-fitting lid, both made of fused silica. The crucible with lid shall have a mass between 10 g and 14 g and dimensions approximate those shown in Figure 2. The
44、fit of the lid on the crucible is critical to the determination and a lid shall be selected to match the crucible so that the horizontal clearance between them is no greater than 0,5 mm. After selection, the crucible and the lid shall be ground together to give smooth surfaces and then be given a co
45、mmon distinguishing mark. ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3BS EN ISO 18123:2015ISO 18123:2015(E)Dimensions in millimetresFigure 2 Silica crucible and lid5.4 Crucible standThe crucible stand to hold the crucible(s) in place in the furnace shall be such that the appropriate rate of heating can be achieve
46、d. For example, it may consist ofa) for single determinations, a ring of heat-resistant steel wire as shown in Figure 3 a), with ceramic discs, 25 mm diameter and 2 mm thick, resting on the inner projection of its legs, or b) for multiple determinations, a tray of heat-resistant steel wire as shown
47、in Figure 3 b), of appropriate size, with ceramic plates 2 mm thick supporting the crucibles.Dimensions in millimetresa) Suitable for single determination4 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 18123:2015ISO 18123:2015(E)b) Suitable for multiple determinationsKey1 three legs paced 120 apart2 ring3 h
48、andle4 ceramic platesFigure 3 Examples of crucible stands5.5 BalanceThe balance shall be capable of reading to the nearest 0,1 mg.5.6 Desiccator and desiccantA desiccator with appropriate desiccant to prevent absorption of moisture from the atmosphere by the test portion.WARNING Ash from solid biofu
49、el is very hygroscopic and there is a risk that moisture bound in the desiccant can be absorbed in the sample. Therefore, the desiccant shall be controlled frequently and dried if necessary. In addition, lids shall be used to cover dishes while in the desiccator to prevent the absorption of moisture.6 Sample preparationThe test sample shall be obtained in accordance with EN 14778. A general analysis sample shall be prepared in accordance with EN 14780, for moisture determination and for determination of vol
