1、ETSI EG 202 048 1.1.1 (2002-08) ETSI Guide Human Factors (HF); Guidelines on the multimodality of icons, symbols and pictograms 2 ETSI EG 202 048 VI .I .I (2002-08) Reference DEG/HF-00027 Keywords icons, intetface, multimode, pictograms, symbols, user ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-O6921 Sophia Antip
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5、gltbistat uslstatus .as p If you find errors in the present document, send your comment to: Cori vriaht Notifica tion No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. O European Telecommunications S
6、tandards Institute 2002. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTMand UMTSTMare Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. TIPHONTM and the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks currently being registered by ETSI for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for
7、the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI 3 ETSI EG 202 048 VI . 1 . 1 (2002-08) Contents Intellectual Property Rights 5 Foreword . 5 Introduction 5 1 Scope 8 2 References 8 3 Definitions and abbreviations . 17 3.1 Definitions . . 17 3.2 Abbreviations . 18 4 An introdu
8、ction to the Human Factors guidelines for multimodal symbols 19 5 Human Factors guidelines for multimodal symbols . 19 5.1 5.1.1 Vision 5.1.1.2 Visual symbols, icons and pictograms: guidelines . 5.1.2 Audition . 5.1.2.1 Auditive symbols, icons and pictograms: introduction 5.1.2.2 Auditive symbols, i
9、cons and pictograms: guidelines . 5.1.3.1 Haptic symbols, icons and pictograms: introduction . 5.1.3.2 Haptic symbols, icons and pictograms: guidelines . 5.1.4 Olfaction . Guidelines for unimodal symbols 5.1.1.1 Visua d pictograms: introduction 5.1.3 Haptics . 5.1.4.1 Olfactory symbols, icons and pi
10、ctograms: introduction . . 35 5.1.4.2 Olfactory symbols, icons and pictograms: guidelines . 36 Gustation . 37 5.1.5.1 Gustatory symbols, icons and pictograms: introduction . 37 5.1.5.2 Gustatory symbols, icons and pictograms: guidelines . . 37 5.2 Guidelines for multimodal symbols . 38 5.2.1 Allocat
11、ing information to a sensory modality . 38 5.2.2 Cross modality effects . . 40 5.2.4 Guidelines for multimodal symbols . . 41 What is Design for All? 45 5.1.5 5.2.3 Lessons learned from the application of multimodal interfaces . . 41 Annex A (informative): A . 1 A.2 Design for All legislation and st
12、andards 48 A.2.1 . 48 A.2.2 Design for All and HF Standards . 48 A.2.2.1 . 49 A.2.2.2 . 49 A.3 Design for all philosophy and criteria 45 A comparison between USA and European approaches . The draft ISO/IEC Guide 71 on the needs of older persons and people with disabilities IS0 Standard 13407 on Huma
13、n-Centred Design Process Basic principles for achieving Design for All 49 A.3.1 Facilitating use of the product . 50 A.3.2 User participation in the design process . 51 When to apply different Design for All focusing . 51 User requirements for multimodal symbols 52 A.4 Annex B (informative): . B . 1
14、 Users and their diversity 52 B.2 Sight . 52 B.2.1 Blindness and tunnel vision . 53 B.2.2 Color disabilities . 53 ETSI 4 ETSI EG 202 048 VI . 1 . 1 (2002-08) B.2.3 Optical alterations in the eye and other vision disabilities . 53 B.3 Hearing . 54 B.5 Cognitive abilities 55 B.4 Handling and Co-ordina
15、tion 55 Annex C (informative): C.l C . 1.1 C . 1.2 C.2 Relevant guidelines and standards about symbol usage in current ICT applications and services . 57 Current Standards on icon and symbols . 57 57 58 Symbol usage in current ICT services and applications . 59 ISO/IEC Standards on icons and symbols
16、 . ETSI Guidelines and standards about Design for All and symbols, icons and pictograms C.2.1 Information retrieval (Web) services . . 59 c.2.1.1 The Web Accessibility Initiat . 59 c.2.1.2 Levels of achievement of W . 62 C.2.2 Messaging and text conferencing . 62 C.2.3 Real time communication servic
17、e . 63 Annex D (informative): D.l D.2 Examples of best practices for the application of multimodal symbols in selected ICT services and devices . 64 Ticket vending machine . 64 Web accessibility validator 66 Useful information resources to design multimodal symbols 68 Detailed Review on European and
18、 USA legislation about Design for All 71 Annex E (informative): Annex F (informative): Annex G (informative): Bibliography . 75 History 78 ETSI 5 ETSI EG 202 048 VI .I .I (2002-08) Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to
19、ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR O00 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (7PRs); Essential, orpotentially Essential, IPRs notlJied to ETSI in respect ofETSI standards“, which is availa
20、ble from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (5). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR O00 3 14 (or the upda
21、tes on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This ETSI Guide (EG) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Human Factors (HF). I n t rod uct ion The eEurope initiative On 8 December 1999 the European Commission launched an initiati
22、ve entitled “eEurope - An Information Society for All“, which proposes ambitious targets to bring the benefits of the Information Society within reach of all Europeans. The initiative focuses on ten priority areas, one of them specifically addressing the needs of people with disabilities. The target
23、s set up by the Communication for improving access to the information society for people with disabilities include the following 151 : 1) A review of the relevant legislation and standards programmes dealing with the Information Society, with a view to ensuring their conformity with accessibility pr
24、inciples and accelerating standardization processes. The Commission will prepare a Communication on how public procurement instruments can positively take account of the needs of people with disabilities in the public procurement of information and communication technology products and services. Eur
25、opean Institutions and the Member States should endorse the existing Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) guidelines, making the design and content of all public Web sites accessible to people with disabilities (littn:/!l7.W3 .oro/tr/wai-wchconteiit). The document expresses the target to adopt the Web
26、 Accessibility Initiative (WAI) guidelines for public websites, by the European Commission and by Member States by the end of 2001 15. 2) 3) The present document is the product of a STF (Specialist Task Force) funded within the eEurope initiative and specifically addresses the first of the objective
27、s presented before, with the particular focus on the application of multimodal interfaces to the Information Society applications and services by applying the Design for All approach. It also addresses objective 3 above, as multimodal interfaces are also covered within the WAI initiative. The need f
28、or a Design for All approach Eurostat statistics show that there are over 375 million people in the 15 countries of the European Union 17. At any point in time, the number of people in the European Union directly affected by some form of disability has been estimated at around 10 % of the total popu
29、lation. Elderly people are an equally significant sector of the population: over 77 million - 20 per cent, or one in five - are 60 years of age or more. And as a consequence of the demographic change which is happening throughout Europe, this proportion is constantly increasing. Therefore providing
30、ICT products and services to people with some kind of difficulty in their relationship with the environment is no longer a niche market. The Design for All approach in the development of technological products and services also generally make them easier to use for everyone else, besides maximizing
31、the possibility of having a product accessible to older and disabled people. STF 183 reviewed the available guidelines and legislation on Design for All, and presents this information in annexes A and F. ETSI 6 ETSI EG 202 048 VI .I .I (2002-08) User requirements for multimodal symbols: Human abilit
32、ies and disabilities People with disabilities and elderly people do not constitute a homogeneous group and there is a broad range of disabilities and other limitations that have to be considered. Disabilities may be apparent or hidden, severe or mild, singular or multiple, chronic or intermittent. T
33、ypes of disabilities include mobility/agility, mentaYcognitive, hearing, speaking, and visual impairments. STF 183 reviewed the user requirements for multimodal interfaces, with special focus on a broad range of disabilities, and some information is provided in the informative annex B of the present
34、 document. The Design for All approach and the development of multimodal interfaces Multimodal interfaces can achieve more natural and effective human-computer interaction by integrating a variety of signals by which humans usually convey information. The fact that the world is multimodal means that
35、 the recognition of a unimodal symbol may be hampered, even if it represents a real world equivalence but in isolation. The explicit need to develop a multimodal interface may stem from several requirements. These requirements can, amongst others, be related to the user, to the task demands, to the
36、character of the information, or to environmental constraints. An example of a high task demand is reading an SMS message while driving. Also, environmental constraints may necessitate an additional modality. Examples include the limited visual displays of mobile devices, noisy environments, and the
37、 field of tension between public and private information presentation (e.g. a ringbone vs. a vibration to indicate an incoming call). The effectiveness of the user interface to adapt to these many situations and constraints is based on redundancy, i.e. providing information (that is otherwise not av
38、ailable or in a degraded quality) to an alternative or additional information channel. This redundancy may be beneficial for all users and across all situations. The use of multimodal information is then one of the key solutions in a Design for All approach to ICT design. Many of the needs of people
39、 with sensory disabilities, cognitive disabilities, and elderly people can be met within mainstream products if they are able to provide symbols and other output information in a range of different modalities. For example, the needs of blind and dyslexic people can be met if text and graphic informa
40、tion is also provided in synthetic speech output and the needs of hearing impaired people can be met if speech and sound information is also provided in text. Many of the technical possibilities for multimodal interfaces exist from long ago, and are the subject of specific guidelines and standards,
41、for instance, systems based on speech recognition, and auditory interfaces incorporated in many devices and services. Currently, the most interesting aspect is the technological developments around tactile display elements, that will soon lead to the possibilities of introducing active displays on a
42、 large scale. Nowadays, using vibration in mobile phones and pagers is common practise, just as the use of a vibrating computer mouse. These active tactile displays add the possibility of using the tactile sense as a full channel in the man-machine interface. The potential information transfer capac
43、ity of this channel is much larger than the 1-bit message “your phone is ringing“. It may be foreseen that the use of the tactile modality will grow fast. Not only as an alternative information channel for people with special needs, but for all possible users. At this moment, there is a lack of guid
44、elines on the design and application of active tactile displays (with the exception of Braille displays and vibrating alerting devices), and on the interaction with the other sensory modalities (multimodal interaction). Since the pool of best practises is also very limited, the most important source
45、 to distil the guidelines from is the neurophysiological and psychophysical literature. The purpose of the Human Factors guidelines in clause 5 of the present document is to review and provide in a concise way the basic relevant information for designers of multimodal user interfaces, with the added
46、 value of providing guidelines that were not previously made in this field. The reader should note that the status of the work on multimodal symbols and interfaces is in an emerging phase. That means that most of the guidelines are tentative and have not been thoroughly validated, or might not be di
47、rectly applicable to a particular purpose or device. However, we strongly believe that even in the present, preliminary, form they can be useful; both to the designer and to identiSl interesting areas of future research. ETSI 7 ETSI EG 202 048 VI .I .I (2002-08) The Human Factors guidelines for mult
48、imodal symbols are provided in clause 5 of the present document. It has two main parts: In clause 5.1, we start by presenting unimodal guidelines, ordered to the five human senses. In clause 5.2, we integrate the unimodal guidelines, discuss specific multimodal effects, and formulate the multimodal
49、guideline s. Finally examples of the application of these guidelines in real products and of best practice for the successful application of the guidelines are provided in annex D. ETSI 8 ETSI EG 202 048 VI .I .I (2002-08) 1 Scope The present document presents guidelines for the design and use of multimodal symbols using a Design for All approach. It also provides a study of the needs and requirements for the use of multimodal symbols in user interfaces, with special emphasis on the requirements of people with disabilities and elderly people. The present document provide
