1、 ETSI TR 101 562-1 V1.3.1 (2012-02) PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); MIMO PLT; Part 1: Measurement Methods of MIMO PLT Technical Report ETSI ETSI TR 101 562-1 V1.3.1 (2012-02)2Reference RTR/PLT-00036 Keywords MIMO, powerline ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.
2、: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http:/www.etsi.org The present document may be made a
3、vailable in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept o
4、n a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http:/portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you fin
5、d errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http:/portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction
6、 in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2012. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM, UMTSTMand the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM and LTE are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP O
7、rganizational Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association. ETSI ETSI TR 101 562-1 V1.3.1 (2012-02)3Contents Intellectual Property Rights 5g3Foreword . 5g3Introduction 5g31 Scope 6g32 References 6g32.1 Normative references . 6g32.2 Informative references
8、 6g33 Symbols and abbreviations . 7g33.1 Symbols 7g33.2 Abbreviations . 7g33.2.1 Abbreviations Used for Feeding Styles 8g34 Major Project Phases 9g35 Motivation 9g36 Worldwide Evaluation of the Presence of the Protective Earth (PE) Wire in Residential Dwellings 10g36.1 Grounding Systems 10g36.1.1 TN
9、 Networks 11g36.1.1.1 TNS . 12g36.1.1.2 TNC 12g36.1.1.3 TNCS 12g36.1.2 TT Network 13g36.1.3 IT Network 14g36.1.4 Regulations of Earthing Networks 14g36.2 Wall Socket Types Used in Various Countries 15g36.2.1 3 Pin Type Sockets . 15g36.2.2 Countries in which PE Grounding is Not in Use 17g36.2.3 Count
10、ries where PE Type Sockets are Exclusively Used . 18g36.3 Regulation Approach to Estimate Presence of Protective Earth . 18g36.3.1 European Countries. 18g36.3.2 United States . 20g36.3.3 Canada 21g36.3.4 More Detailed Information about a few Countries . 21g36.3.4.1 Presence of PE Wire in Belgium . 2
11、1g36.3.4.2 Presence of PE Wire in France 22g36.3.4.2.1 Historical PE relative standards . 22g36.3.4.2.2 Statistical Data . 23g36.3.4.3 Presence of PE Wire in Switzerland 25g36.3.4.4 Presence of PE Wire in the US 25g36.3.4.5 Presence of PE Wire in Spain . 27g36.3.4.5.1 Electrical Regulations Data for
12、 Spain 27g36.3.4.5.2 Spanish Housing Data . 27g36.3.4.5.3 New Housing built in Spain Since 1974 28g36.3.4.5.4 Data on Housing Renovations . 29g36.3.4.5.5 Summary Figures: Housing, Renewals and PE Installations . 30g36.3.4.5.6 Variation in the Rate of PE Installations in Renovated Housing . 30g36.3.4
13、.5.7 Conclusion: Electrical Installation Practices in Spain . 30g36.4 Secondary Information for Estimating the Presence of PE 30g36.5 Survey of Worldwide Electrical Standardization Committees and Engineering Clubs 30g36.5.1 Information Collection Methodology . 30g36.6 Worldwide Earthing Situation by
14、 Country - an Estimation Table 35g37 Measurement Description of Joint Equipment from Channel, Noise and EMI Measurements . 50g37.1 MIMO PLT Universal Coupler 51g3ETSI ETSI TR 101 562-1 V1.3.1 (2012-02)47.1.1 Safety Note . 51g37.1.2 Objectives of the MIMO PLT (STF 410) Design . 52g37.1.3 Technical Da
15、ta of Couplers 52g37.1.3.1 Impedance Conditions. 52g37.1.3.2 Insertion Loss 53g37.1.4 Operation 53g37.1.4.1 SISO Transmit and SISO Receive (Example P-N to P-N) 53g37.1.4.2 MIMO Symmetric Transmit (Example N-E), MIMO Receive Star Plus CM . 54g37.1.4.3 MIMO Asymmetric Transmit (Example N-E), MIMO Rece
16、ive Star Plus CM. 54g37.1.4.4 SISO Common Mode Transmit and SISO Common Mode Receive 55g37.1.4.5 Alternative MIMO Mode Using Dual Wire Feed . 56g37.1.5 Circuit Diagram 57g37.1.6 Measurement Results of STF410 Coupler Verification 60g37.1.6.1 SISO 60g37.1.6.2 MIMO Symmetric . 61g37.1.6.3 MIMO Delta Tr
17、ansmit to Star Receive . 62g37.1.6.4 Common Mode Reception 64g37.1.6.5 Alternative MIMO Modes (Dual Wire Feed) 65g37.2 Coaxial Cables 65g37.3 Network Analyzer 66g37.3.1 Agilent E5071B 66g37.3.2 Agilent E5071C 67g37.3.3 Rohde Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ET
18、SI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/ipr.etsi.org). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs
19、not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Powerline Telecommunications (PLT). The present document is part 1 of a
20、multi-part deliverable covering the MIMO PLT as identified below: Part 1: “Measurement Methods of MIMO PLT“; Part 2: “Setup and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT EMI Measurements“; Part 3: “Setup and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT Channel and Noise Measurements“. Introduction In order to study and co
21、mpare MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) characteristics of the LVDN network in different countries, the STF 410 (Special Task Force) was set up. The present document is one of three parts of TR 101 562 which present the findings of STF 410 research. ETSI ETSI TR 101 562-1 V1.3.1 (2012-02)61 Scop
22、e Convential PLT modems (SISO) use only the phase and neutral wire of the mains grid. MIMO PLT utilizes additionally the protective earth wire. The present document is an overview of the prevalence of the third wire in private homes and a description of the measurement setup and equipment used to pe
23、rform EMI, channel and noise measurements. 2 References References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenc
24、e document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at http:/docbox.etsi.org/Reference. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
25、 their long term validity. 2.1 Normative references The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. Not applicable. 2.2 Informative references The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assis
26、t the user with regard to a particular subject area. i.1 Sartenaer, T. Zeddam, T. Chonavel, “MIMO Communications for Inhome PLC Networks: Measurements and Results up to 100 MHz“, IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications (ISPLC), Rio, Brasil, March 2010. i.3 A. S
27、chwager, “Powerline Communications: Significant Technologies to Become Ready for Integration“ Doctoral Thesis at University of Duisburg-Essen, May 2010. i.4 ETSI TR 102 175 (V1.1.1): “PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); Channel characterization and measurement methods“. i.5 Housing Statistics in the
28、 European Union 2010; The Hague: Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations; Edited by Kees Dol and Marietta Haffner, OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology; September 2010. NOTE: Available at http:/abonneren.rijksoverheid.nl/article/kennisplein-wwi/nieu
29、wsbrief-kennisplein-wwi-december-2010/housing-statistics-in-the-european-union-2010/428/3384?mode=html-mail. i.6 How we are housed: Results from the 1999 American Housing Survey; Summary of U.S. housing market conditions (30 Aug. 2011). NOTE: Available at http:/www.huduser.org/periodicals/ushmc/fall
30、00/summary-2.html. ETSI ETSI TR 101 562-1 V1.3.1 (2012-02)7i.7 Canadian Housing Observer 2006; CMHC, ISBN 0-662-44559-7, adapted from Statistics Canada (Census of Canada) (30 Aug. 2011). NOTE: Available at http:/www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/odpub/pdf/65102.pdf. i.8 Wikipedia, free encyclopedia; 2010/2011. NO
31、TE: Available at http:/en.wikipedia.org. i.9 ETSI TR 101 562-2 (V1.2.1): “Powerline Telecommunications (PLT); MIMO PLT; Part 2: Setup and Statistical Results of MIMO PLT EMI Measurements“. i.10 ETSI TR 101 562-3 (V1.1.1): “PowerLine Telecommunications (PLT); MIMO PLT; Part 3: Setup and Statistical R
32、esults of MIMO PLT Channel and Noise Measurements“. i.11 IEC 60906-1: “IEC system of plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes - Part 1: Plugs and socket-outlets 16 A 250 V a.c.“. i.12 Directive 2006/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the har
33、monisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits. i.13 IEC 60364-1: “Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions“. 3 Symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Symb
34、ols For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: dB decibel (logarithmic unit) dBm 10 * log10(P / 1 mW) Hz Hertz L Inductance m meter MHz Mega HznF nanoFarads nH nanoHenry R Resistor Ohm Z Impedance 3.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following a
35、bbreviations apply: AC Alternating Current AMN Artificial Mains Network BCA Building I No point is connected with earth (isolation), except perhaps via high impedance. The second letter indicates the connection between earth and the electrical device being supplied: T Direct connection of a point wi
36、th earth; N Direct connection to neutral at the origin of installation, which is connected to the earth. 6.1.1 TN Networks In a TN earthing system, one of the points in the generator or transformer is connected with earth, usually at the star point in a three-phase system. The body of the electrical
37、 device is connected with earth via this earth connection at the transformer. Figure 2: TN Networks The protective earth (PE) is the conductor that connects the exposed metal parts of the consumer. The neutral (N) conductor connects to the star point in a three phase system, or carries the return cu
38、rrent in a single phase system. There are three variants of TN systems: TN-S, TN-C, TN-CS ETSI ETSI TR 101 562-1 V1.3.1 (2012-02)126.1.1.1 TNS PE and N are separate conductors that are only connected together near the power source. Figure 3: TN-S Network Separate protective earth (PE) and neutral (N
39、) conductors from transformer to consumer device, which do not connect after the building distribution point. 6.1.1.2 TNC A combined PEN conductor fulfils the functions of both a PE and an N conductor, but this type of installation is rarely used. Figure 4: TN-C Networks The combined PE and N conduc
40、tor are connected all the way from the transformer to the consuming device. 6.1.1.3 TNCS Part of the TN-C-S system uses a combined PEN conductor, which splits into separate PE and N lines. The combined PEN conductor typically occurs between the substation and the entry point into the building, and s
41、eparates in the service head. This system, which connects the combined neutral-and-earth conductor to real earth at many locations to reduce the risk of broken neutrals, is also known as “protective multiple earthing“ (PME) in the UK and “multiple earthed neutral“ (MEN) is the designation of Austral
42、ias system. ETSI ETSI TR 101 562-1 V1.3.1 (2012-02)13Figure 5: TN-C-S Networks Combined PEN conductor from transformer to building distribution point, but PE and N conductors separate in the fixed indoor wiring and have flexible power cords. 6.1.2 TT Network In a TT earthing system, consumer PE conn
43、ections are provided by a local connection to earth, which is independent from any earth connection at the generator. An advantage of a TT network is that there is no risk of a broken neutral. In locations where power is distributed overhead and TT is used, installation earth conductors are not at r
44、isk should any overhead distribution conductor be fractured by, say, a fallen tree or branch. TT earthing systems were unattractive for general use, before RCD times, due to their lesser ability to accept high currents in the event of a live-to-PE short circuit (in comparison to TN systems).However,
45、 residual current devices mitigate this disadvantage, making the TT earthing system attractive for premises where all AC power circuits are RCD-protected. Figure 6: TT Network ETSI ETSI TR 101 562-1 V1.3.1 (2012-02)146.1.3 IT Network In an IT network, the distribution system has no connection to ear
46、th at all, or it has a high impedance connection which is monitored by an insulation monitoring device. Environments supplied via engine-generators, e.g. laboratory rooms, medical facilities, construction sites, repair workshops, mobile electrical installations, etc., where there is an increased ris
47、k of insulation faults, often use an IT earthing arrangement supplied by insulation transformers. In order to mitigate the two-fault issues with IT systems, isolation transformers should either supply only a small number of loads each and/or be protected with an insulation monitoring device (general
48、ly used only by medical, railway or military IT systems, due to cost). Figure 7: IT Network When an isolation problem occurs, the power is not cut, but the monitoring system detects the current leakage through the high impedance and a warning light comes on to indicate that there is a problem. An as
49、signed technician has to then solve the problem. It is mandatory that he be available 24/7 as implied this grounding standard. If a second problem occurs with a stronger current leak to earth, where both Phase and separate earth and neutral cores thereafter in all internal wiring. Urban and suburban homes in the UK tend to have TN-S supplies, where the earth connection is delivered through the lead sheath of the underground lead-and-paper cable. Older homes, worldwide, especially those built before the invention of residual-current c
