1、 ETSI TR 102 024-7 V4.1.1 (2003-09)Technical Report Telecommunications and Internet ProtocolHarmonization Over Networks (TIPHON) Release 4;End-to-end Quality of Service in TIPHON Systems;Part 7: Design guide for elements of a TIPHONconnection from an end-to-end speechtransmission performance point o
2、f viewETSI ETSI TR 102 024-7 V4.1.1 (2003-09) 2 Reference DTR/TIPHON-05014R4 Keywords internet, IP, performance, protocol, QoS, quality, speech, voice, VoIP ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 -
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8、1 (2003-09) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights5 Foreword.5 1 Scope 6 2 References 6 3 Definitions and abbreviations.7 3.1 Definitions7 3.2 Abbreviations .8 4 General considerations .9 4.1 Transmission planning .10 4.2 User interaction 10 4.3 Maintenance .10 4.4 Monitoring Essential, or potentia
9、lly Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out
10、by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Project Telecommunicati
11、ons and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks (TIPHON). The present document is part 7 of a multi-part deliverable covering end-to-end Quality of Service in TIPHON systems, as identified below: TR 102 024-1: “General aspects of Quality of Service (QoS)“; TS 102 024-2: “Definition of Speech Q
12、uality of Service (QoS) Classes“; TS 102 024-3: “Signalling and Control of end-to-end Quality of Service“; TS 102 024-4: “Quality of Service Management“ TS 102 024-5: “Quality of Service (QoS) measurement methodologies“; TR 102 024-6: “Actual measurements of network and terminal characteristics and
13、performance parameters in TIPHON networks and their influence on voice quality“; TR 102 024-7: “Design guide for elements of a TIPHON connection from an end-to-end speech transmission performance point of view“. Part 8: Void. TS 102 024-9: “Call performance Classification (Voice)“. Part 10: To be pu
14、blished as part of release 5 (see note) “QoS Requirements for TIPHON Terminals“; Part 11: To be published as part of release 5 (see note) “Domain by domain performance planning guidelines for end-to-end QoS objectives associated with TIPHON speech QoS classes“. TS 102 024-12: “IP Telephony Service A
15、vailability“. NOTE: Quality of Service aspects of TIPHON Release 5 systems will be covered in TS 102 025 (see bibliography), and more comprehensive versions of the Release 4 documents listed above will be published as part of Release 5 as work progresses. ETSI ETSI TR 102 024-7 V4.1.1 (2003-09) 6 1
16、Scope The present document provides a collection of informative background information and guidance to supplement parts 1 to part 6 of TS 102 024. The issues covered concern the practical design phases for both equipment and networks with respect to speech performance, and therefore is relevant to T
17、IPHON equipment manufacturers, service providers and network designers. 2 References For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR) the following references apply: 1 ETSI TS 102 024-2: “Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks (TIPHON) Release 4; End-to-end Quality of Ser
18、vice in TIPHON Systems; Part 2: Definition of Speech Quality of Service (QoS) Classes“. 2 ETSI TS 102 024-5: “Telecommunications and Internet protocol Harmonization Over Networks (TIPHON) Release 4; End-to-end Quality of Service in TIPHON Systems; Part 5: Quality of Service (QoS) measurement methodo
19、logies“. 3 ETSI TS 102 024-6: “Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks (TIPHON) Release 4; End-to-end Quality of Service in TIPHON systems; Part 6: Actual measurements of network and terminal characteristics and performance parameters in TIPHON networks and their influen
20、ce on voice quality“. 4 ITU-T Recommendation G.100: “Definitions used in Recommendations on general characteristics of international telephone connections and circuits“. 5 ITU-T Recommendation G.122: “Influence of national systems on stability and talker echo in international connections“. 6 ITU-T R
21、ecommendation G.131: “Control of talker echo“. 7 ITU-T Recommendation G.111: “Loudness ratings (LRs) in an international connection“. 8 ITU-T Recommendations P.64: “Determination of sensitivity/frequency characteristics of local telephone systems“. 9 ITU-T Recommendation G.109: “Definition of catego
22、ries of speech transmission quality“. 10 ITU-T Recommendation G.726: “40, 32, 24, 16 kbit/s adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM)“. 11 ITU-T Recommendation G.114: “One-way transmission time“. 12 ETSI I-ETS 300 245-2: “Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN); Technical characteristic
23、s of telephony terminals; Part 2: PCM A-law handset telephony“. 13 ITU-T Recommendation P.800: “Methods for subjective determination of transmission quality“. 14 ITU-T Recommendation P.310: “Transmission characteristics for telephone-band (300-3400 Hz) digital telephones“. 15 ANSI/TIA/EIA-810-A-2000
24、: “Telecommunications-Telephone Terminal Equipment-Transmission Requirements for Narrowband“. 16 ITU-T Recommendation G.168: “Digital network echo cancellers“. 17 ITU-T Recommendation G.107: “The E-Model, a computational model for use in transmission planning“. 18 ITU-T Recommendation G.113: “Transm
25、ission impairments due to speech processing“. ETSI ETSI TR 102 024-7 V4.1.1 (2003-09) 7 19 ETSI EG 201 050: “Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects (STQ); Overall Transmission Plan Aspects for Telephony in a Private Network“. 20 ITU-T Recommendation G.108: “Application of the E-model: A
26、 planning guide“. 21 ETSI ETR 250: “Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Speech communication quality from mouth to ear for 3,1 kHz handset telephony across networks“. 22 ITU-T Recommendation P.833: “Methodology for derivation of equipment impairment factors from subjective listening-only tests“. 3 D
27、efinitions and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: dBm: power level with reference to 1 mW dBm0: at the reference frequency (1 020 Hz), L dBm0 represents an absolute power level of L dBm measured at the transmission refer
28、ence point (0 dBr point), and a level of L + x dBm measured at a point having a relative level of x dBr NOTE: See ITU-T Recommendation G.100 4, annex A.4. echo: unwanted signal delayed to such a degree that it is perceived as distinct from the wanted signal talker echo: echo produced by reflection n
29、ear the listeners end of a connection, and disturbing the talker listener echo: echo produced by double reflected signals and disturbing the listener Loudness Rating (LR): as used in the G-Series Recommendations for planning; loudness rating is an objective measure of the loudness loss, i.e. a weigh
30、ted, electro-acoustic loss between certain interfaces in the telephone network NOTE: If the circuit between the interfaces is subdivided into sections, the sum of the individual section LRs is equal to the total LR. In loudness rating contexts, the subscribers are represented from a measuring point
31、of view by an artificial mouth and an artificial ear respectively, both being accurately specified. Overall Loudness Rating (OLR): loudness loss between the speaking subscribers mouth and the listening subscribers ear via a connection Talker Echo Loudness Rating (TELR): loudness loss of the speakers
32、 voice sound reaching his ear as a delayed echo NOTE: See ITU-T Recommendation G.122 5, clause 4.2 and ITU-T Recommendation G.131 6, figure I.1. Terminal Coupling Loss weighted (TCLw): weighted coupling loss between the receiving port and the sending port of a terminal due to acoustical coupling at
33、the user interface, electrical coupling due to crosstalk in the handset cord or within the electrical circuits, seismic coupling through the mechanical parts of the terminal NOTE: For a digital handset it is commonly in the order of 40 db to 46 dB. weighted Terminal Coupling Loss-single talk (TCLwst
34、): weighted loss between Rin and Sout network interfaces when AEC is in normal operation, and when there is no signal coming from the user weighted Terminal Coupling Loss-double talk (TCLwdt): weighted loss between Rin and Sout network interfaces when AEC is in normal operation, and when the local u
35、ser and the far-end user talk simultaneously Send Loudness Rating (SLR) (from ITU-T Recommendation G.111): loudness loss between the speaking subscribers mouth and an electric interface in the network NOTE: The loudness loss is defined here as the weighted (dB) average of driving sound pressure to m
36、easured voltage. The weighted mean value for ITU-T Recommendations G.111 7 and G.121 (see bibliography) is 7 to 15 in the short term, 7 to 9 in the long term. The rating methodology is described in ITU-T Recommendations P.64 8, P.76 (see bibliography) and P.79 (see bibliography). ETSI ETSI TR 102 02
37、4-7 V4.1.1 (2003-09) 8 Receive Loudness Rating (RLR) (from ITU-T Recommendation G.111): loudness loss between an electric interface in the network and the listening subscribers ear NOTE: The loudness loss is here defined as the weighted (dB) average of driving e.m.f. to measured sound pressure. The
38、weighted mean value for ITU-T Recommendations G.111 7 and G.121 (see bibliography) is 1 to 6 in the short term, 1 to 3 in the long term. The rating methodology is described in ITU-T Recommendations P.64 8, P.76 (see bibliography), P.79 (see bibliography). Circuit Loudness Rating (CLR): loudness loss
39、 between two electrical interfaces in a connection or circuit, each interface terminated by its nominal impedance which may be complex toll quality: In general “toll quality“ is a term which is not well defined. Currently, there are two different views: ITU-T Recommendation G.109 9 provides the foll
40、owing guidance: “Finally, to relate the definitions provided by this Recommendation to concepts and terminology used in the past, a comment about “toll quality“ is in order. “Toll quality“ has been used by many different people to mean different things, but to network planners it really meant that t
41、echnology being introduced into the network was robust to the effects of transmission impairments from other sources, and could thus be used in many configurations where inter-working with other systems would be necessary. In this context, the term “toll quality“ does not have any absolute relation
42、to speech transmission quality today, because, for example, the impairments of systems such as wireless access or packet-based transport will have the same impact regardless of whether on a local or a long-distance connection. Instead, the terminology provided here is recommended (i.e. “best“ for R
43、in the range from 90 to 100, “high“ in the range from 80 to 90 and “medium“ in the range from 70 to 80).“ Experts on low bit-rate coding (members of ITU-T Study Group 16 and SQEG) use the following explanation: “In summary, we define toll quality as equivalent to wire-line telephone quality. Basical
44、ly the 32 kb/s ADPCM (ITU-T Recommendation G.726 10) is considered to be a toll quality coder, and when some low rate coders get standardized in ITU-T, 32 kb/s ADPCM is used as reference, and if a low rate coder produce equivalent performance to the 32 kb/s ADPCM, then this is considered to be toll
45、quality.“ Consequently, at this time the term “toll quality“ should be considered as an internal term of speech coder experts only which is obsolete and which should be avoided in conjunction with the TIPHON QoS documentation. TIPHON equipment manufacturers and network designers should rather use th
46、e Quality Categories defined in ITU-T Recommendation G.109 9 or the QoS Classes specified in TIPHON (TS 102 024-2 1). NOTE: Harmonization of the views regarding the term “toll quality“ are envisaged to be discussed during the Study Period 2001-2004. 3.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present
47、document, the following abbreviations apply: ACR Absolute Category Rating ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line AEC Acoustic Echo Control ALC Automatic Level Control ALC Automatic Level Control ASL Active Speech input Level ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode DCME Digital Circuit Multiplication Equipme
48、nt DTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency DTX Discontinuous TransmissionECD Echo Control Devices GSM EFR GSM Enhanced Full Rate Speech Coder GSM FR GSM Full Rate Speech Coder GSM HR GSM Half Rate Speech Coder GSM Global System for Mobile communications ETSI ETSI TR 102 024-7 V4.1.1 (2003-09) 9 IP Internet P
49、rotocol ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISP Internet Service Provider IWF Inter Working Function LAN Local Area NetworkMOS Mean Opinion Score MPLS Multi Protocol Layer Switching NIC Network Interface Card NS Noise suppressors PPP Point to Point Protocol PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network QoS Quality of Service RSVP Resource Reservation Set-Up Protocol RTP Real-Time Transport Protocol SBM Subnet Bandwidth Manager SCN Switched Communications Network TCP Transmission Control Protocol TRM Transm
