1、 ETSI TR 102 378 V1.1.1 (2005-04)Technical Report Electromagnetic compatibilityand Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);Short Range Devices (SRD);Equipment for identification and location systems;System Reference Documentfor inductive systems for industrial applicationsoperating in the frequency range from
2、400 kHz to 600 kHzETSI ETSI TR 102 378 V1.1.1 (2005-04) 2 Reference DTR/ERM-RM-041 Keywords ID, MF, radio, short range, SRD, SRDOC, testing ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Associa
3、tion but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http:/www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or per
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8、Organizational Partners. ETSI ETSI TR 102 378 V1.1.1 (2005-04) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights4 Foreword.4 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 References 5 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations .6 3.1 Definitions6 3.2 Symbols6 3.3 Abbreviations .6 4 Executive summary 6 4.1 Status of the present do
9、cument.7 4.2 Market information.7 4.3 Technical system description .7 5 Current regulations.7 6 Main conclusions8 7 Expected ETSI and ECC actions8 Annex A: Detailed market information .9 A.1 Range of applications .9 A.2 Market size and value.10 Annex B: Technical information 11 B.1 Detailed technica
10、l description 11 B.2 Technical justification for spectrum.14 B.3 Radiation limits 14 Annex C: Expected compatibility issues 15 C.1 Coexistence issues15 C.2 Current ITU-R allocations 15 16 C.3 Sharing issues.17 History 18 ETSI ETSI TR 102 378 V1.1.1 (2005-04) 4 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essen
11、tial or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potential
12、ly Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out b
13、y ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Elec
14、tromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM). Introduction RFID for item management is an emerging technology applicable in all areas of daily life, business, industry, and manufacturing. The inductive, industrial RFID applications are mainly found in assembly and manufacturing lines;
15、warehouses; chemical, automotive, semiconductor and chip manufacturing areas; machine tooling; construction; transport; medical; and in a variety of other applications. Nearly all applications in this field use passive tags. In some applications, tags use a battery for power supply back-up in case t
16、he powering field strength is too low for excitation by the interrogator field strength. Because of cost reasons, such battery tag applications are often limited to reusable tags which also have to be more robust. This means that the tag size is considerably larger. The passive tags as well as reade
17、r antennas are normally restricted to very small sizes. In conjunction with special small-size, read-heads, the system does not only provide the read/write function of determining the code of the object and retrieving data content, but very often allows for the position-sensing and tracing of the ob
18、jects. The read-write function allows for information, such as date of handling or the treatment of a certain process, or the required next process steps, etc. to be written onto the tag. The choice of the frequency is vital to meet the performance and market requirements. Industrial RFID systems fo
19、r various applications are limited by many restrictions related to the physical size requirements, hence component restrictions, and also environmental and longevity requirements for the needed application. One of the constraints is the in-plant or cross-applicational pollution, which may occur, for
20、 instance, if several different RFID systems would operate on the same frequency in the LF or HF ranges (as defined by the ITU Radio Regulations 3) in close vicinity at one production site. They would interfere especially in view of the high field strength levels at which these systems operate. DC o
21、r LBT 8 techniques in industrial systems (needed for operation in the LF or HF band), would not work because of the high speed of object movement on conveyor belts and the required continuous high speed data tran 3 smission. LBT would interrupt the process flow unacceptably. For industrial RFIDs, te
22、chnology using the MF frequency range (as defined by the ITU 3) has proven to yield adequate performance with high data rates, efficient powering with small antennas or read-heads and tags, low field strength levels, and the functionality in all critical applications and environmental conditions. Th
23、ey have been in use globally for some time without record of interference problems. Countries where systems are in wide use include: the Americas, Japan, and other Far East countries, as well as a number of European countries, such as Germany, Finland, UK, Sweden, and many others based on individual
24、 approvals. The frequency range and bandwidth requirement is around 550 kHz with bandwidths from 50 kHz up to 200 kHz. ETSI ETSI TR 102 378 V1.1.1 (2005-04) 5 1 Scope The present document provides information on RFID systems including applications, technical parameters, and radio spectrum requiremen
25、ts for RFID equipment operating in the MF frequency band from 400 kHz to 600 kHz. The scope is limited to RFID systems for industrial applications. Most of the applications are in indoor installations. The RFID systems use inductive SRD technology covered by the harmonized standard, EN 300 330-2 2.
26、Additional information is given in the following annexes: annex A: detailed market and application information; annex B: technical information; annex C: expected compatibility issues. 2 References For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR), the following references apply: 1 CEPT/ERC Recommendati
27、on 70-03: “Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)“. 2 ETSI EN 300 330-2: “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment in the frequency range 9 kHz to 25 MHz and inductive loop systems in the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz; Par
28、t 2: Harmonized EN under article 3.2 of the R Article 2: “Nomenclature, Section I: Frequency and wavelength bands“. http:/www.itu.int/publications/pdfcatalogue/CatalogE.PDF, (Section 3.2 Radio regulations). 4 Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio
29、equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity. (R Frequency-agile Generic Short Range Devices using Listen-Before-Transmit (LBT) Technical Report“. 8 FCC CFR 47: Part 15, Section 15.209 http:/www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx-03/47cfr15-03.html.
30、 9 Japan: Regulation for “extremely low power radio station“. 10 ETSI EN 300 330-1: “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment in the frequency range 9 kHz to 25 MHz and inductive loop systems in the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz; Pa
31、rt 1: Technical characteristics and test methods“. 11 ITU-R Recommendation SM 1538: “Technical and operating parameters and spectrum requirements for short-range radio communication devices“. 12 CEPT/ECC/FM(04)179, 26 August 2004: “Results of the Public Consultation on Annexes to ERC/REC 70-03“. 13
32、ITU Radio Regulations, edition 2004. ETSI ETSI TR 102 378 V1.1.1 (2005-04) 6 14 Klaus Finkenzeller, RFID handbook: (the book will give further RFID references and RFID internet pages.) http:/rfid-. 15 OMRON, RFID Sensors http:/ 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purpose
33、s of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: duty cycle: ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the maximum total transmitter “on“ time, relative to a one hour period transponder: device that responds to an interrogation signal 3.2 Symbols For the purposes of the present docum
34、ent, the following symbols apply: f Frequency H Magnetic field strength P Power 3.3 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ASK Amplitude Shift Keying BC BroadCast BW BandWidthdB Decibel dBc Attenuation in dB relative to the carrier DC Duty Cycle EC
35、C Electronic Communications Committee ERC European Radiocommunications Committee FPD Flat Panel Display LBT Listen Before Talk LW Long Wave MF Medium wave Frequency range RFID Radio Frequency IDentification SRD Short Range Device 4 Executive summary The present document provides insight into the app
36、lications, functionality, and basic requirement for a regulation for industrial RFID systems in the frequency range 400 kHz to 600 kHz, especially in view of the large market impact. The proposed regulation would provide an indispensable solution for all areas of the industry, as described in annex
37、A. ETSI expects the proposed regulations in table 6.1 to be compatible with the services operating in the frequency range of 400 kHz to 600 kHz without causing harmful interference. This is supported by: a) the preliminary compatibility studies show for the MF frequency range under discussion calcul
38、ated protection distances in the order of 25 m or lower; ETSI ETSI TR 102 378 V1.1.1 (2005-04) 7 b) the absence of interference in a large number of installations in many countries which operate virtually continuously over a number of years and which confirms the theoretical calculations by ECC-SE24
39、; c) the location of the described MF RFID installations in non-public, industrial sites and primarily indoor installations, which are considered as additional mitigation factors. The ECC-WGFM is already considering a generic level of -5dBA/m in the LF and MF range up to 1 600 kHz in an amendment of
40、 an draft annex 9 of CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 1. This was reviewed by WGFM and sent to SRDMG for revision of the levels in the LW BC bands of 148,5 kHz to 285 kHz. The technical characteristics of the MF RFID systems will not require new ETSI standards since the systems are compatible with the
41、EN 300 330-2 2 as well as the recently proposed amendments to it. 4.1 Status of the present document ERM-TG28 approved V1.1.1_1.1.1. The version V1.1.1_1.1.2 incorporates minor editorials and was circulated for approval by correspondence within ERM-RM. Version V1.1.1_2.1.1 has been approved by ERM-R
42、M, submitted to ECC-WGFM and SRD-MG for consideration, and submitted to ERM#25 for approval for publication. 4.2 Market information For detailed market information, see annex A. 4.3 Technical system description For detailed technical information, see annex B. 5 Current regulations CEPT/ERC Recommend
43、ation 70-03 1 covers LF frequency regulations in the range up to 148,5 kHz and HF regulations for 6,78 MHz and 13,56 MHz for RFID for inductive technologies. For the applications of the present document, the ERC/Rec 70-03 were recently amended. CEPT WGSE is currently studying a generic limit for sho
44、rt range devices up to 30 MHz. A revision of annex 9 of ERC/Recommendation 70-03 1 has been published for the level of -5dBA/m at 10 m for the range of 148,5 to 1 600 kHz. Table 5.1: Proposed amendment to annex 9 of CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 1 Frequency band Maximum Magnetic field (see note) Dut
45、y cycle Channel spacing ERC/ECC Decision Notes 148,5 to 1 600 kHz -5dBA/m at 10 m No restriction No spacing none OTHERS Several CEPT counties, including Germany, Finland, and the U.K., have national regulation in place for industrial RFID in the frequency range 400 kHz to 600 kHz. Many other countri
46、es allow these systems individually. The regulations of the U.S.A. and Japan also have regulations in place, these can be found in: U.S.A.: FCC: CFR 47, Part 15, Section 15.209 7. Japan: Regulation for “extremely low power radio station“ 9 (500 V/m3m 322 MHz) and ITU-Recommendation SM. 1538 11. ETSI
47、 ETSI TR 102 378 V1.1.1 (2005-04) 8 6 Main conclusions The industrial RFID systems present a basic requirement for society and the functioning of the industrial infrastructure. Industrial RFID systems have been deployed for a number of years and in many highly industrialized countries with no interf
48、erence problems on record. Calculated protection distances of the preliminary draft report for the MF range are in the order of 23 m to 11 m - depending on the degradation level - which should suffice for compatibility in the scenarios for industrial and mostly indoor applications. 7 Expected ETSI a
49、nd ECC actions ECC- WGSE to complete the compatibility report in stating that the min. bandwidth of 30 kHz for the range of 300 to 1 600 kHz is allowed at a level of -5 dBA/m at 10 m. ETSI ETSI TR 102 378 V1.1.1 (2005-04) 9 Annex A: Detailed market information A.1 Range of applications There is a rapidly expanding market for industrial RFID technology automation in the examples of the application areas listed below: automotive manufacturing; ind
