1、ETSI TR 122 960 V3.0.1 (2000-01) Technical Report Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Mobile multimedia services including mobile Intranet and Internet services (3G TR 22.960 version 3.0.1 Release 1999) (3G TR 22.960 version 3.0.1 Release 1999) 1 ETSI TR 122 960 V3.0.1 (2000-01) Refer
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9、document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by the ETSI 31d Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The present document may refer to technical specifications or reports using their 3GPP identities or GSM identities. These should be interpreted as being references to the correspon
10、ding ETSI deliverables. The mapping of document identities is as follows: For 3GPP documents: 3G TS I TR nn.nnn “ (with or without the prefix 3G) is equivalent to ETSI TS I TR Inn nnn “Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System; For GSM do
11、cument identities of type “GSM xx.yy“, e.g. GSM 01.04, the corresponding ETSI document identity may be found in the Cross Reference List on ww,etsI.shw/key ETSI (3G TR 22.960 version 3.0.1 Release 1999) 3 ETSI TR 122 960 V3.0.1 (2000-01) Contents Foreword 4 1 2 2.1 2.2 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3
12、Scope 5 Definitions and abbreviations 5 Definitions . 5 Abbreviations . 5 General . 5 Multimedia . 6 Applications . 6 Sensitivity of coded video stream 6 Synchronisation 7 Interworking aspects of mobile multimedia . 8 Technical challenges 6 - 4.2.4 UMTS Relation to Multimedia source coding . 8 5 Int
13、ernet and Intranet . 8 5.1 Applications . 8 5.2 Technical development foreseen 9 6 Requirements set for the UMTS 10 6.1 Transport of multimedia 10 6.2 A UMTS Service Platform 10 6.3 Download of software 11 6.5 Internet access 11 6.5 Handover . 12 7 7.1 7.2 Impact on standardisation 12 Control of bea
14、rer services and calls . 12 Download of software 12 7.3 Handover 13 7.4 Service platform . 13 7.5 Internet protocols . 13 7.6 Charging . 13 Annex A: Change history 14 History 15 ETSI (3G TR 22.960 version 3.0.1 Release 1999) 4 ETSI TR 122 960 V3.0.1 (2000-01) Foreword This Technical Report has been
15、produced by the 3GPP. The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within the TSG and may change following formal TSG approval. Should the TSG modify the contents of this TR, it will be re-released by the TSG with an identifying change of release date and an increase in versio
16、n number as follows: Version 3.y.z where: x the first digit: 1 presented to TSG for information; 2 presented to TSG for approval; 3 Indicates TSG approved document under change control. y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections, updates,
17、 etc. z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the specification; ETSI (3G TR 22.960 version 3.0.1 Release 1999) 5 ETSI TR 122 960 V3.0.1 (2000-01) 1 Scope This document discusses the issues related to mobile multimedia in UMTS environment. Specifically
18、the foreseen mobile multimedia applications and their special requirements are referred briefly. The major technical challenges faced in the provision of multimedia services and Internet and Intranet access are discussed and highlighted in order to give guidance for UMTS system standardisation. This
19、 document contains various views into these future topics and cannot be regarded as complete. 2 2.1 Definitions and abbreviations Definitions Call : a logical association between several users (this could be connection oriented or connection less). Connection : is a communication channel between two
20、 or more end-points (e.g. terminal, server etc.). Bearer service: is a type of telecommunication service that provides the capability of transmission of signals between access points. Multimedia service: Multimedia services are services that handle several types of media. For some services, synchron
21、isation between the media is necessary (e.g. synchronised audio and video). A multimedia service may involve multiple parties, multiple connections, and the addition or deletion of resources and users within a single call. 2.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abb
22、reviations apply: GSM HPS HRR ISDN IP ITU MHEG MPEG PSTN RSVP www QOS Global System for Mobile Communications Handover Path Switching Handover Resource Reservation Integrated Services Digital Network Internet Protocol International Telecommunication Union Multimedia and Hypermedia Information Coding
23、 Expert Group Moving Pictures Experts Group Quality of Service Public Switched Telephone Network Resource Reservation Protocol World Wide Web 3 General Two major trends that have been seen during the last years are the increased use of both mobile phones and data communications. GSM and other second
24、 generation systems have expanded widely and penetration figures have climbed in certain countries up to 30%. Data communications, and specially the use of Internet (since the introduction of world wide web), has attracted a large number of users. Multimedia is a new area of communications and has b
25、een growing fast in the computer environments. It is also seen that multimedia will be an important area of telecommunications in the future. UMTS is a third generation system that tries to merge these two trends, i.e. allow for mobile mass market as well as for optimised mobile data communications.
26、 Another additional important objective for UMTS is to provide capabilities for mobile multimedia. ETSI (3G TR 22.960 version 3.0.1 Release 1999) 6 ETSI TR 122 960 V3.0.1 (2000-01) 4 Multimedia Mobile multimedia services are seen to be important when UMTS is introduced and therefore UMTS should enab
27、le efficient support for such services. A multimedia service is a service that combines two or more media components within a call. The components can for instance be voice, audio, video, data or pictures. A multimedia service may involve several parties and connections and therefore flexibility is
28、required in order to add and delete components, resources and parties during a call. In addition to multimedia services UMTS shall also support the simultaneous use of multiple services associated with separate calls. This requires that different calls (these might be multimedia calls with several c
29、onnections) can be added and dropped independently of each other. 4.1 Appl cat ions Multimedia applications and services can be classified in two categories: interactive services which can be conversational, messaging or retrieval, and distributional services which can be with or without user contro
30、l. Most of the future applications containing multimedia information are basically the same as applications available already today. The visual richness of these service is increased by using multimedia instead of single media. The perceived end user quality of these applications will of course be b
31、etter due to increase in system capacity, as well as developments in source coding and implementation technologies. However, technological development will enable also new types of services to be introduced. Such new components as virtual reality and 3 dimensional (3D) graphics, for example, enable
32、totally new type of applications, e.g., electronic shopping, education, and entertainment. Also research, development and standardisation work is being done in areas of WWW, MPEG-4, ITU-T/SGl and MHEG based interactive multimedia information retrieval. Passive multimedia application examples of info
33、rmation retrieval are video-on-demand, Pay-TV, and audio-on-demand, all being important future applications. Interactive multimedia applications, as for example multimedia conferencing including audio, video and data applications, are also seen to be important. 4.2 Technical challenges Introduction
34、of mobile multimedia services will set stringent technical challenges for the underlying systems. This chapter reviews the most important of those new challenges; sensitivity of coded video stream, synchronisation of media components and interworking aspects between different networks. 4.2.1 Sensiti
35、vity of coded video stream Compression of information is typically optimised in terms of compression efficiency, coding complexity and quality. As is the case with the highly optimised video coding algorithms targeted for multimedia applications. From the transmission point of view, the most critica
36、l side effect is that the error resilience is often sacrificed. As a rule of thumb, it can be said that when the coding algorithm compression ratio increases, the sensitivity for transmission errors increases, i.e., bits inside the compressed multimedia bit stream are very significant and therefore
37、highly sensitive for errors. Transmission errors in video stream can cause loss of synchronisation of hierarchical picture format or false symbol decoding. Extra difficulty for video transmission is introduced by the picture update schemes used by video codecs. A transmission error in coded video st
38、ream is potentially present for long time, due to the idea of sending only the changes in the consecutive pictures (Figure 1). An intra picture is coded independently from previous pictures. Predicted picture, on the other hand, consists of motion vectors and prediction error, therefore representing
39、 the changed information of the picture. Potential intra picture update in the video stream removes the artefacts caused by transmission errors. Intra updates on the other hand produce higher amount of information to be transmitted causing refresh rate to slow down momentarily. ETSI (3G TR 22.960 ve
40、rsion 3.0.1 Release 1999) 7 ETSI TR 122 960 V3.0.1 (2000-01) Error Intra picture (I) I P Predicted pictures (P) Figure 1 : Effect of an transmission error for coded video stream 4.2.2 Synchron isat ion In a multimedia system, different media streams have to be synchronised in order to guarantee prop
41、er presentation of the information. Synchronisation of media streams means maintaining the temporal relations of involved media. For time-dependent media components, such as speech and video, intramedia synchronisation is essential. Intermedia synchronisation is needed to guarantee the temporal rela
42、tions between time-dependent and time-independent media components. Intramedia synchronisation refers to a technique of maintaining the constant delay between consecutive samples of source video or audio from the time of generation to the time of presentation. The timing difference between consecuti
43、ve data components inside a single media component is called jitter. The involved transmission systems in delivering the information might cause cumulatively jitter to the stream. Jitter is relevant only for time-dependent components, because in time-independent components jitter ceases to exist in
44、buffering phase before presentation. In circuit switched transmission the transmission dependent jitter can be easily managed by having synchronised transmission modes in use. However, in packet switched transmission jitter exist more easily due to the possible packet transmission delay and possible
45、 non constant packet switching delay. Intermedia synchronisation refers to the maintaining of the relative time dependencies between several continuous media streams from the time of generation to the time of presentation. This important multimedia QoS related parameter is the temporal dependence be
46、tween separate media components, e.g., maintaining the so called lip- synchronisation between a video and an associated audio component is crucial for the quality. A parameter, often called skew, represents the timing difference of the different media components (Figure 2). Basically, the same reaso
47、ns presented for jitter can also cause skew. Additionally, skew might be a result of different transmission characteristics of the used parallel channels. Straightforward ways to manage skew and to resynchronise media components are by catching up, e.g., by skipping, a delayed component or delaying
48、a fast component. Both of these techniques reduce the resulting QoS. Transmission Sent information Received information path packets/frames packets/frames m m- mm nn nn- -nnnn Skew Figure 2: Transmission skew between two media components Several different synchronisation techniques have been develop
49、ed for ensuring the proper time alignment between different components. These techniques can be roughly divided into two categories, namely production level and presentation level synchronisation. - Production level synchronisation is a technique where skew is minimised already on the point of time when the actual information is produced. Interleaving and multiplexing of different media components are possible production level synchronisation schemes. A multiplexed multimedia stream can be transmitted using a single ETSI (3G TR 22.960 version 3.0.1 Release 1999) 8 ETSI TR
