1、 ETSI TR 126 975 V14.0.0 (2017-04) Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Performance characterization of the Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech codec (3GPP TR 26.975 version 14.0.0 Release 14) TECHNICAL REPORT ETSI ETSI TR
2、126 975 V14.0.0 (2017-04)13GPP TR 26.975 version 14.0.0 Release 14Reference RTR/TSGS-0426975ve00 Keywords GSM,LTE,UMTS ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif
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9、iation. ETSI ETSI TR 126 975 V14.0.0 (2017-04)23GPP TR 26.975 version 14.0.0 Release 14Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ET
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11、pr.etsi.org/). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential
12、 to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The present document may refer to technical specifications or reports using their 3GPP identities, UMTS identities or GSM identities. These should be interpreted as bein
13、g references to the corresponding ETSI deliverables. The cross reference between GSM, UMTS, 3GPP and ETSI identities can be found under http:/webapp.etsi.org/key/queryform.asp. Modal verbs terminology In the present document “should“, “should not“, “may“, “need not“, “will“, “will not“, “can“ and “c
14、annot“ are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions). “must“ and “must not“ are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation. ETSI ETSI TR 126 975 V14.0.0 (2017-04)33GPP TR 26.975 version 14.0.0 Rel
15、ease 14Contents Intellectual Property Rights 2g3Foreword . 2g3Modal verbs terminology 2g3Foreword . 5g31 Scope 6g32 References 6g33 Definitions and abbreviations . 7g33.1 Definitions 7g33.2 Abbreviations . 7g34 General . 9g34.1 Project History 9g34.2 Overview of the AMR Concept 9g34.3 Functional Des
16、cription in a GSM System 10g34.4 Presentation of the following sections 12g35 Quality in Clean Speech and Error Conditions 13g36 Quality under background noise and Errors Conditions 16g37 Performances in Tandeming and with variation of the input speech level . 19g38 Performances with the Codec Adapt
17、ation turned on 21g39 VAD/DTX Performances . 23g310 Performances with DTMF tones 24g311 Transparency to Signaling tones 26g312 Performances with special input signals 27g313 Language Dependency . 28g314 Transmission Delay 28g315 Frequency Response . 33g316 Complexity . 34g3Annex A: AMR GSM Character
18、ization Phase Overview 37g3Annex B: AMR Verification Phase Overview . 40g3Annex C: Additional Characterization Test Results. 41g3Annex D: AMR Performances as a function of FER and RBER . 47g3D.1 Results in Clean Speech in MOS . 48g3D.2 Results in Car Noise . 49g3D.3 Results in Street Noise . 51g3D.4
19、 Results in Office Noise: . 52g3References to Annex D: 53g3Annex E: AMR Characterization in 3G Channels 54g3E.1 Overview of the 3G Characterization Phase 54g3E.2 Radio Simulator Parameters . 55g3ETSI ETSI TR 126 975 V14.0.0 (2017-04)43GPP TR 26.975 version 14.0.0 Release 14E.2.1 General . 55g3E.2.2
20、Uplink . 55g3E.2.3 Downlink 56g3E.3 AMR 3G Characterization Test Results in Clean Speech 56g3E.4 AMR 3G Characterization Test Results in Car Noise 61g3References to Annex E: . 62g3Annex F: Change history 63g3History 64g3ETSI ETSI TR 126 975 V14.0.0 (2017-04)53GPP TR 26.975 version 14.0.0 Release 14F
21、oreword This Technical Report has been produced by the 3rdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP). The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within the TSG and may change following formal TSG approval. Should the TSG modify the contents of the present document, it will be re-
22、released by the TSG with an identifying change of release date and an increase in version number as follows: Version x.y.z where: x the first digit: 1 presented to TSG for information; 2 presented to TSG for approval; 3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control. y the second di
23、git is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections, updates, etc. z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document. ETSI ETSI TR 126 975 V14.0.0 (2017-04)63GPP TR 26.975 version 14.0.0 Release 141 Scope The pre
24、sent document provides background information on the performances of the Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech codec. Experimental test results from the Verification and Characterization phases of testing are reported to illustrate the behavior of AMR in multiple operational conditions. 2 References The
25、following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not
26、 apply. For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same Release as the present document. 1 GSM 01.04: “Digital cellular te
27、lecommunications system (Phase 2+); Abbreviations and acronyms“. 2 3GPP TR 21.905: “3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; 3G Vocabulary“. 3 GSM 03.50: “Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Transmission planning aspects of the
28、 speech service in the GSM Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) system“. 4 GSM 06.08: “3rd Generation Partnership Project; Half rate speech; Performance characterization of the GSM half rate speech codec“. 5 GSM 06.55: “3rd Generation Partnership Project; Performance Characterization of the GSM Enhance
29、d Full Rate (EFR) speech codec“. 6 GSM 08.60: “3rd Generation Partnership Project; In-band control of remote transcoders and rate adaptors for Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) and full rate traffic channels“. 7 GSM 08.61: “3rd Generation Partnership Project; In-band control of remote transcoders and rate ad
30、aptors for half rate traffic channels“. 8 3GPP TSG-RAN: UTRAN Typical Radio Interface Parameter Sets, Version 1.3, August 2000, from the GSM-A. 9 3GPP TS 25.211: “Transport channels and physical channels (FDD)“. 10 3GPP TS 26.101: “Frame Structure“. 11 ITU-T Recommendation G.726: “40, 32, 24, 16 kbi
31、t/s Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM)“. 12 ITU-T Recommendation G.728: “Coding of speech at 16 kbit/s using low-delay code excited linear prediction“. 13 ITU-T Recommendation G.729: “C source code and test vectors for implementation verification of the G.729 8 kbit/s CS-ACELP speec
32、h coder“. 14 ITU-T Recommendation E.180: “Technical characteristics of tones for the telephone service“. 15 ITU-T Recommendation G.723.1: “Dual rate speech coder for multimedia communications transmitting at 5.3 and 6.3 kbit/s“. 16 ITU-T Recommendation Q.23: “Technical features of push-button teleph
33、one sets“. ETSI ETSI TR 126 975 V14.0.0 (2017-04)73GPP TR 26.975 version 14.0.0 Release 143 Definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) codec: speech and channel codec capable of operatin
34、g in a GSM system at gross bit-rates of 11.4 kbit/s (“half-rate“) and 22.8 kbit/s (“full-rate“). In addition, the codec may operate at various combinations of speech and channel coding (codec mode) bit-rates for each channel mode. In UMTS, the AMR speech codec may operate at one of 8 possible codec
35、modes bit rates The following definitions apply to a GSM Radio Access Network only: Bit-rate change: change of the codec mode bit-rates for a given (HR/FR) channel mode Channel mode: GSM Half-rate or full-rate operation Channel mode adaptation: control and selection of the (FR or HR) channel mode Co
36、dec mode: for a given channel mode, the bit partitioning between the speech and channel codecs Codec mode adaptation: control and selection of the codec mode bit-rates Error Patterns: result of offline simulations stored on files. To be used by the “Error Insertion Device“ to model the radio transmi
37、ssion from the output of the channel coder and interleaver to the input of the deinterleaver and channel decoder Full-rate (FR): GSM Full-rate channel or GSM channel mode Gross bit-rate: bit-rate of the channel mode selected (22,8 kbit/s or 11,4 kbit/s in GSM) Half-rate (HR): GSM Half-rate channel o
38、r GSM channel mode (GSM Radio Access Network Only) In-Band Signaling: signalling for codec mode indication and modification carried within the traffic channel. Out-of-Band Signaling: signalling on the GSM control channels to support link control General definitions: Toll Quality: speech quality norm
39、ally achieved on modern wireline telephones Synonym with “ISDN quality“ in most western countries. Wireline quality: speech quality provided by modern wireline networks. Normally taken to imply quality at least as good as that of 32kbit/s ITU-T Recommendation G.726 11 or ITU-T Recommendation G.728 1
40、2 16 kbit/s codecs 3.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: A/D Analogue to Digital ACR Absolute Category Rating ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate BSC Base Station Controller BTS Base Transceiver Station C/
41、I Carrier-to-Interfere ratio CI Confidence IntervalCNI Comfort Noise Insertion CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check D/A Digital to Analogue DAT Digital Audio TapeETSI ETSI TR 126 975 V14.0.0 (2017-04)83GPP TR 26.975 version 14.0.0 Release 14DCR Degradation Category Rating DECi Dynamic Error Condition #i simu
42、lating a GSM radio channel with a slowly varying C/I representative of slow fading conditions, under ideal Frequency Hopping in a TU3 multipath propagation profile unless otherwise stated. (9 different Dynamic Error Conditions were used in the AMR GSM Characterization Phase) DSP Digital Signal Proce
43、ssor DTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency DTX Discontinuous Transmission for power consumption and interference reduction ECx Error Conditions at x dB C/I simulating a GSM radio channel under static C/I using ideal Frequency Hopping in a TU3 multipath propagation profile EFR Enhanced Full Rate ESP Product
44、 of E (Efficiency), S (Speed) and P (Percentage of Power) of the DSP FH Frequency Hopping FR Full Rate (also GSM FR) G.726 ITU 16/24/32kbit/s ADPCM codec G.728 ITU 16kbit/s LD-CELP codec G.729 ITU 8/6.4/11.8 kbit/s speech codec GBER Average gross bit error rate GSM Global System for Mobile communica
45、tions HR Half Rate (also GSM HR) IRS Intermediate Reference System ITU-T International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunications Standardization Sector MNRU Modulated Noise Reference Unit Mod. IRS Modified IRS MOPS Million of Operation per Seconds MOS Mean Opinion Score MS Mobile Station MSC Mobi
46、le Switching Center Multiple Error Patterns were used during the Characterization tests. They are identified by the propagation Error Conditions from which they are derived. The following conventions are used: PCM Pulse Code Modulation PSTN Public Switched Telecommunications Network Q Speech-to-spee
47、ch correlated noise power ratio in dB SD Standard Deviation SID Silence DescriptorSMG Special Mobile Group SNR Signal To Noise Ratio TCH-AFS Traffic CHannel Adaptive Full rate Speech TCH-AHS Traffic CHannel Adaptive Half rate Speech TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TFO Tandem Free Operation tMOPS
48、true Million of Operations per Seconds TUx Typical Urban at multipath propagation profile at x km/s VAD Voice Activity Detector wMOPS weighted Million of Operations per Seconds For abbreviations not given in this clause, see GSM 01.04 1 and 3GPP TR 21.905 2. ETSI ETSI TR 126 975 V14.0.0 (2017-04)93G
49、PP TR 26.975 version 14.0.0 Release 144 General 4.1 Project History Following the standardization of the EFR speech codec, the SMG2 Speech Expert Group (SEG) and especially the SQSG (Speech Quality Strategy Group) were tasked by SMG to study possible strategies for the continuous improvement of the end to end performances of the speech service in GSM networks. SEG was specifically asked to evaluate the opportunity to design a robust Full Rate mode and/or an Enhanced Half Rate mode. The SQSG report, presented to SMG in 1996, recom
