1、 ETSI TR 143 030 V15.0.0 (2018-07) Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Radio network planning aspects (3GPP TR 43.030 version 15.0.0 Release 15) TECHNICAL REPORT GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSRETSI ETSI TR 143 030 V15.0.0 (2018-07)13GPP TR 43.030 version 15.0.0 Rele
2、ase 15Reference RTR/TSGR-0643030vf00 Keywords GSM ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important noti
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9、030 version 15.0.0 Release 15Intellectual Property Rights Essential patents IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be
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13、hose trademarks in the present document does not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The present document may refer to techn
14、ical specifications or reports using their 3GPP identities, UMTS identities or GSM identities. These should be interpreted as being references to the corresponding ETSI deliverables. The cross reference between GSM, UMTS, 3GPP and ETSI identities can be found under http:/webapp.etsi.org/key/queryfor
15、m.asp. Modal verbs terminology In the present document “should“, “should not“, “may“, “need not“, “will“, “will not“, “can“ and “cannot“ are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions). “must“ and “must not“ are NOT allowed
16、in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation. ETSI ETSI TR 143 030 V15.0.0 (2018-07)33GPP TR 43.030 version 15.0.0 Release 15Contents Intellectual Property Rights 2g3Foreword . 2g3Modal verbs terminology 2g3Foreword . 5g31 Scope 6g31.1 References 6g31.2 Abbreviations . 6g32 Traffic distr
17、ibutions 6g32.1 Uniform 6g32.2 Non-uniform . 6g33 Cell coverage 7g33.1 Location probability . 7g33.2 Ec/No threshold 7g33.3 RF-budgets . 7g33.4 Cell ranges 8g33.4.1 Large cells . 8g33.4.2 Small cells . 9g33.4.3 Microcells . 9g34 Channel re-use 10g34.1 C/Ic threshold . 10g34.2 Trade-off between Ec/No
18、 and C/Ic . 10g34.3 Adjacent channel suppressions . 11g34.4 Antenna patterns . 11g34.5 Antenna heights 11g34.6 Path loss balance 11g34.7 Cell dimensioning. 11g34.8 Channel allocation 11g34.9 Frequency hopping . 12g34.10 Cells with extra long propagation delay . 12g35 Propagation models 12g35.1 Terra
19、in obstacles 12g35.2 Environment factors . 12g35.3 Field strength measurements 13g35.4 Cell adjustments . 13g36 Glossary 13g37 Bibliography . 13g3Annex A.1: (GSM 900 class 4) Example of RF-budget for GSM 900 MS handheld RF-output peak power 2 W . 15g3Annex A.2: (class 2) Example of RF-budget for GSM
20、 MS RF-output peak power 8 W 17g3Annex A.3: (DCS1800 classes 1 2 presented to TSG for approval; 3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control. y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections, updates, etc. z the third digit
21、 is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document. ETSI ETSI TR 143 030 V15.0.0 (2018-07)63GPP TR 43.030 version 15.0.0 Release 151 Scope The present document is a descriptive recommendation to be helpful in cell planning. 1.1 References The following documents conta
22、in provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. - References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. - For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. - For a non-s
23、pecific reference, the latest version applies. 1 GSM 01.04: “Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Abbreviations and acronyms“. 2 3GPP TS 45.002: “Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path“. 3 3GPP TS 45.005: “Digital c
24、ellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Radio transmission and reception“. 4 3GPP TS 45.008: “Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Radio subsystem link control“. 5 CCIR Recommendation 370-5: “VHF and UHF propagation curves for the frequency range from 30 MHz to 1000 MHz“. 6 C
25、CIR Report 567-3: “Methods and statistics for estimating field strength values in the land mobile services using the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHz“. 7 CCIR Report 842: “Spectrum-conserving terrestrial frequency assignments for given frequency-distance seperations“. 8 CCIR Report 740: “General aspe
26、cts of cellular systems“. 1.2 Abbreviations Abbreviations used in the present document are given clause 6 (Glossary) and in GSM 01.04 1. 2 Traffic distributions 2.1 Uniform A uniform traffic distribution can be considered to start with in large cells as an average over the cell area, especially in t
27、he country side. 2.2 Non-uniform A non-uniform traffic distribution is the usual case, especially for urban areas. The traffic peak is usually in the city centre with local peaks in the suburban centres and motorway junctions. A bell-shaped area traffic distribution is a good traffic density macro m
28、odel for cities like London and Stockholm. The exponential decay constant is on average 15 km and 7,5 km respectively. However, the exponent varies in different directions depending on how the city is built up. Increasing handheld traffic will sharpen the peak. Line coverage along communication rout
29、es as motorways and streets is a good micro model for car mobile traffic. For a maturing system an efficient way to increase capacity and quality is to build cells especially for covering these line concentrations with the old area covering cells working as umbrella cells. ETSI ETSI TR 143 030 V15.0
30、.0 (2018-07)73GPP TR 43.030 version 15.0.0 Release 15Point coverage of shopping centres and traffic terminals is a good micro model for personal handheld traffic. For a maturing system an efficient way to increase capacity and quality is to build cells on these points as a complement to the old umbr
31、ella cells and the new line covering cells for car mobile traffic. 3 Cell coverage 3.1 Location probability Location probability is a quality criterion for cell coverage. Due to shadowing and fading a cell edge is defined by adding margins so that the minimum service quality is fulfilled with a cert
32、ain probability. For car mobile traffic a usual measure is 90 % area coverage per cell, taking into account the minimum signal-to-noise ratio Ec/No under multipath fading conditions. For lognormal shadowing an area coverage can be translated into a location probability on cell edge (Jakes, 1974). Fo
33、r the normal case of urban propagation with a standard deviation of 7 dB and a distance exponential of 3.5, 90 % area coverage corresponds to about 75 % location probability at the cell edge. Furthermore, the lognormal shadow margin in this case will be 5 dB, as described in CEPT Recommendation T/R
34、25-03 and CCIR Report 740. 3.2 Ec/No threshold The mobile radio channel is characterized by wideband multipath propagation effects such as delay spread and Doppler shift as defined in 3GPP TS 45.005 annex C. The reference signal-to-noise ratio in the modulating bit rate bandwidth (271 kHz) is Ec/No
35、= 8 dB including 2 dB implementation margin for the GSM system at the minimum service quality without interference. The Ec/No quality threshold is different for various logical channels and propagation conditions as described in 3GPP TS 45.005. 3.3 RF-budgets The RF-link between a Base Transceiver S
36、tation (BTS) and a Mobile Station (MS) including handheld is best described by an RF-budget. Annex A consists of 7 such budgets; A.1 for GSM 900 MS class 4; A.2 for GSM 900 MS class 2, A.3 for DCS 1800 MS classes 1 and 2, A.4 for GSM 900 class 4 in small cells, A.5 for GSM 400 class 4 in small cells
37、, A.6 for GSM 700 class 4 and A.7 for DCS 1800 MS class 1. GSM 900 RF-budgets should be used for 850 band. The Mean Effective Gain (MEG) of handheld MS in scattered field representing the cell range taking into consideration absorption, detuning and mismatch of the handheld antenna by the human body
38、 (MEG = -antenna/body loss) of -13 dBi for GSM 400, -10dBi for GSM 700, -9 dBi for GSM 900 and -6 dBi for DCS 1800 is incorporated in annex A.1, A.3, A.4 and A.5 as shown from measurements in Tdoc SMG2 1075/99. At 900 MHz, the indoor loss is the field strength decrease when moving into a house on th
39、e bottom floor on 1.5 m height from the street. The indoor loss near windows ( 20 m Path loss in dB (DCS 1800) = 107,7 + 26log(d/km) d 20 m The propagation loss in microcells increases sharply as the receiver moves out of line of sight, for example, around a street corner. This can be taken into acc
40、ount by adding 20 dB to the propagation loss per corner, up to two or three corners (the propagation being more of a guided type in this case). Beyond, the complete COST231-Walfish-Ikegami model as presented in annex B should be used. Microcells have a radius in the region of 200 to 300 metres and t
41、herefore exhibit different usage patterns from large and small cells. They can be supported by generally smaller and cheaper BTSs. Since there will be many different microcell environments, a number of microcell BTS classes are defined in 3GPP TS 45.005. This allows the most appropriate microcell BT
42、S to be chosen based upon the Minimum Coupling Loss expected between MS and the microcell BTS. The MCL dictates the close proximity working in a microcell environment and depends on the relative BTS/MS antenna heights, gains and the positioning of the BTS antenna. In order to aid cell planning, the
43、micro-BTS class for a particular installation should be chosen by matching the measured or predicted MCL at the chosen site with the following table. The microcell specifications have been based on a frequency spacing of 6 MHz between the microcell channels and the channels used by any other cell in
44、 the vicinity. However, for smaller frequency spacings (down to 1.8 MHz) a larger MCL must be maintained in order to guarantee successful close proximity operation. This is due to an increase in wideband noise and a decrease in the MS blocking requirement from mobiles closer to the carrier. Micro-BT
45、S class Recommended MCL (GSM 900) Recommended MCL (DCS 1800) Normal Small freq. spacing Normal Small freq. spacing M1 60 64 60 68M2 55 59 55 63 M3 50 54 50 58Operators should note that when using the smaller frequency spacing and hence larger MCL the blocking and wideband noise performance of the mi
46、cro-BTS will be better than necessary. Operators should exercise caution in choosing the microcell BTS class and transmit power. If they depart from the recommended parameters in 45.005 they risk compromising the performance of the networks operating in the same frequency band and same geographical
47、area. 4 Channel re-use 4.1 C/Ic threshold The C/Ic threshold is the minimum co-channel carrier-to-interference ratio in the active part of the timeslot at the minimum service quality when interference limited. The reference threshold C/Ic = 9 dB includes 2 dB implementation margin on the simulated r
48、esidual BER threshold The threshold quality varies with logical channels and propagation conditions, see 3GPP TS 45.005. 4.2 Trade-off between Ec/No and C/Ic For planning large cells the service range can be noise limited as defined by Ec/No plus a degradation margin of 3 dB protected by 3 dB increa
49、se of C/Ic, see annex A. For planning small cells it can be more feasible to increase Ec/No by 6 dB corresponding to an increase of C/Ic by 1 dB to cover shadowed areas better. C/(I+N) = 9 dB represents the GSM limit performance. To permit handheld coverage with 10 dB indoor loss, the Ec/No has to be increased by 10 dB outdoors corresponding to a negligible increase of C/Ic outdoors permitting about the same interference limited coverage for MS including handhelds. The range outdoors can also be noise limited like the range indoors as shown in section 3.4
