1、 FORD LABORATORY TEST METHODFLTM B0 109-01Date Action Revisions 2010 01 19 Activated In reference to BI109-01 and (inter)national norms C. Starke Printed copies are uncontrolled Copyright 2010, Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Page 1 of 8 VISUAL APPEARANCE EVALUATION OF INTERIORS This method agrees in
2、 principle with ASTM D1729. 1 Scope and Field of Application 1.1 Scope This method covers a subjective procedure for visual comparison of an interior samples colour against a reference under illuminants of different spectral distributions. Visual assessment in accordance with this method will always
3、 override numerical measurement data and is compulsory for any type of appearance approval. 1.2 Field of Application The application is recommended, but not limited to the following interior materials: - plastic parts o solids with or without texture o painted o foils, sheets & slush skins o foam fi
4、lms & foams - metallic parts o painted o brushed - fabrics o not pile-direction sensitive without structure o not pile-direction sensitive with structure o pile-direction sensitive without structure - leathers o natural o artificial 2 Definitions Terms and definitions in terminology ASTM E284 are ap
5、plicable to this method. Definitions of terms specific to this method are: Effect Colour The perceived colour is strongly depending on the angles of observation and illumination. Besides the diffuse reflecting colour pigments the surface layers also contain directional reflecting effect particles. F
6、ORD LABORATORY TEST METHODFLTM B0 109-01Printed copies are uncontrolled Copyright 2010, Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Page 2 of 8 Equipment - Master Equipment The Master Equipment is an instrument to establish the basic references among various levels of standards and among other equipments. This e
7、quipment is the normal arbiter in any situation not adequately resolved at a lower level and is retained by the organization that issues the standards. - Secondary Equipment A Secondary Equipment is any other equipment used for colour evaluation of the product by reference to the standards. Evaluati
8、on Angles A fixed angle of 45 between illumination and observer is recommended throughout the evaluation, see figure 2.1 below. Although the mentioned Evaluation Angles are similar to instrumental angles, the results do not need to correlate (visual: fixed observer instrumental: fixed sample!). - Fa
9、ce Angle The aspecular angle (as) when a specimen is viewed close to its surface normal and illuminated near 45. This angle is similar to an instrumental angle of 45. - Flash Angle The aspecular angle when a sample is viewed close to 25 (15) from the specular direction and illuminated near 35 (30).
10、This angle is similar to an instrumental angle of 25 (15). - Flop Angle The aspecular angle when a sample is viewed close to 75 (110) from the specular direction and illuminated near 60 (77,5). This angle is similar to an instrumental angle of 75 (110). Figure 2.1: Preferred Evaluation Angles Graini
11、ness The term describes a light/dark pattern that is to be seen under diffuse illumination and is more or less independent of the viewing angle. Pile-Direction Sensitive A fabric appears different after brushing over the surface with the hand. Reference A standard or any other physical sample that t
12、he measurement of samples is correlated to. If only compared within a sample lot, the one sample is chosen to be reference that is visually closest to the idea/vision of the evaluator. FORD LABORATORY TEST METHODFLTM B0 109-01Printed copies are uncontrolled Copyright 2010, Ford Global Technologies,
13、Inc. Page 3 of 8 Standards - Primary Samples A Primary Sample is a physical standard out of a production batch, which represents colour and construction. - Design Centre Standard The Design Centre Standard is the one physical standard representing the colour target for visual and colorimetric evalua
14、tion of all products referenced to that colour. It is a chosen one of the set of approved Primary Samples. - Master Standards A Master Standard is a physical standard in routine use as a high precision evaluation tool. Master Standards are made identical to the Design Centre Standard and are instrum
15、entally referenced to it. Structure Structures are imprints or regular sewing lines that generate locally different pile heights and therefore lead to visually perceivable contrast differences. 3 Requirements 3.1 General All personnel involved in viewing and evaluating colour shall have taken both -
16、 a colour vision test (recommended: Ishihara Colour-Blindness Test) & - a vision acuity and discrimination test (recommended: Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test) for self-assessment and awareness of capabilities. Tests, according to ASTM E1499, shall be repeated at sufficiently frequent intervals. All
17、evaluators shall be familiar with the colour difference rating scheme according to ISO 3668, see table Rating Degree of difference 0 No perceptible difference 1 Very slightly, i.e. just perceptible, difference 2 Slight, but clearly perceptible, difference 3 Moderate difference 4 Considerable differe
18、nce 5 Very major difference Table 3.1: Colour difference rating scheme 3.2 Equipment & Maintenance 3.2.1 Illuminating units The spectral distribution of the illuminating units specified below has been established by the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) and is described in ASTM E308. -
19、Daylight illumination (CIE Illuminant D65, daylight) shall simulate average daylight at the test piece substrate with a Colour Rendering Index 95 & class B minimum according to ISO/CIE 23603. - Incandescent illumination (CIE Illuminant A, light bulb) shall simulate incandescent lighting in homes, at
20、 offices, early morning sunrise and late afternoon sunset conditions at the test piece substrate. - Fluorescent three-band illumination (CIE Illuminant F11, TL84) shall simulate fluorescent lighting used in production, exhibition halls and sale premises at the test piece substrate. FORD LABORATORY T
21、EST METHODFLTM B0 109-01Printed copies are uncontrolled Copyright 2010, Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Page 4 of 8 3.2.2 Photometric conditions The level of illumination at the centre of the test piece substrate shall normally be 1080 - 1340 lux (100 - 125 fc). For critically reviewing very light ma
22、terials, the level of illumination should, if possible, be as low as 540 lux (50 fc), and for critically reviewing very dark materials, the level of illumination should, if possible, be as high as 2150 lux (200fc). The higher level of illumination is usually obtained by holding the substrates nearer
23、 the illumination source. The illuminance in the room shall be so low that the assessment is not affected. 3.2.3 Geometric conditions The illumination shall fall onto the test pieces mainly from above and be evenly distributed over the assessment area. The test pieces shall be placed in the same pla
24、ne, side by side and close to each other at an angle of 45 to the incoming beams of light and viewed at right angles to the area of evaluation or vice versa. All deviations in the form of level and angular errors, especially between the test pieces, shall be minimized. The test pieces shall be viewe
25、d at a distance of 0,5 - 1 m. 3.2.4 Test piece substrate and environment The assessment area shall be screened from foreign illumination. The test piece substrate and surrounding surfaces, including booth, table, ambient visual field, lab coat, gloves and the field of view seen when the observer gla
26、nces away from the test pieces, shall have a matte neutral grey colour corresponding to Munsell notation N7. 3.2.5 Equipment proposed Equipment meeting the requirements of this method is - GretagMacbeth SpectraLight III (also Master Equipment) and is therefore recommended as secondary equipment. 3.2
27、.6 Maintenance of Equipment Maintenance of the light booth is of prime importance in providing a constant and reliable source of illumination. The following parts of the equipment shall be maintained frequently, as follows: - Daylight illumination all of the lamps shall be replaced between 300 and 4
28、00 hours of operation, or when the light intensity falls outside the prior specified range of 1080 - 1340 lux (100 - 125 fc). - Incandescent illumination all of the lamps shall be replaced after 2000 hours of operation. If colour temperature exceeds 200K from nominal (2300K), it must be serviced. -
29、Fluorescent three-band illumination all of the lamps shall be replaced after 7500 hours of operation. If colour temperature exceeds 200K from nominal (4150K), it must be serviced. FORD LABORATORY TEST METHODFLTM B0 109-01Printed copies are uncontrolled Copyright 2010, Ford Global Technologies, Inc.
30、Page 5 of 8 - Light Filters and Diffusing Glass Panels In frequent intervals clean with soft cloth (starch free) dampened with chloroform, naphtha or alcohol when these are cold. - Reflectors and Reflector Deck In frequent intervals clean with dry cloth. 4 Conditioning & Test Conditions 4.1 Conditio
31、ning of Samples Before testing all samples have to be conditioned to equilibrium at 21 2C and 50 5% RH according to SAE J1767. Textiles are considered in equilibrium after 24 h of conditioning or when the change in mass at 2 h intervals does not exceed 0.2%. Other materials, such as plastics, do nor
32、mally require to have reached above temperature range prior to evaluation. The pile-direction sensitive fabrics have to be brushed prior to measurement: first against the pile-direction (sample appears darker), then with the pile-direction (sample appears lighter). For needle punch fabrics the clean
33、, greaseless hand can be used, while all other pile-direction sensitive fabrics require a clothbrush with polyester monofilaments of at least 20 mm length and 0.25 mm thickness. Fabrics that are not pile-direction sensitive do not need to be brushed. 4.2 Test Conditions The sample and reference shal
34、l be visually checked for inhomogeneities in texture and gloss. The surface shall be free of dust, grease, contaminations or stains. All damaged areas that are no result of specific testing methods to be evaluated (e.g. scratch tests, etc.) need to be excluded from the measurements. If there is a de
35、fined direction of the test piece (e.g. up and down or a mounting direction), the sample and the reference shall be evaluated in the same direction. For translucent materials (e.g. fabrics, etc.) the substrate shall be chosen corresponding to the substrate of the finished part. Where feasible, the s
36、ize of sample and reference shall be equal and corresponding to the finished part. 5. Procedure The assessment is normally made at daylight illumination D65that shall be switched on at least 5 minutes prior to evaluation. It is recommended though not necessary to proceed with an uneven number of at
37、least three evaluators. 5.1 Face Matching The test pieces shall be viewed at an angle of 45 with illumination at an angle of 0 or vice versa. Any observed colour difference shall be analysed by the components of FORD LABORATORY TEST METHODFLTM B0 109-01Printed copies are uncontrolled Copyright 2010,
38、 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Page 6 of 8 - lightness (or value), o DL: lighter (+) or darker (-) - chroma (or saturation), o DC: more chroma (+) or less chroma (-) - hue, o DH: more red (r), more yellow (y), more green (g), more blue (b) - sparkle and o DS: more sparkle (+) or less sparkle (-) -
39、graininess o DG: coarser (+) or finer (-) with an indication of the order of the prominence of these components according to table 2.1 of this method. 5.2 Flash-, Flop- & Post Assembly Position Matching The sample and reference are assessed at all intermediate positions at daylight illumination D65w
40、hen rotated away from the observer to the flash angle at as+25 and when rotated towards the observer to the flop angle at as+75. For effect colours a flash angle of as+15 and a flop angle of as+110 is advised. In addition assessment in the later post assembly position is recommended. Any observed co
41、lour difference shall be analysed by the components according to 5.1 of this method. 5.3 Metamerism Material metamerism in the sample is assessed for the face angle by alternating the illuminant between the different illuminating units (D65, A, F11). If the difference in colour changes between the s
42、ample and the reference when the illuminant is changed there is metamerism. Any metamerism shall be taken into consideration at evaluation according to table 2.1 of this method. 6. Evaluation 6.1 Result On evaluation for interior parts, the object is assessed as - APPROVED or - NOT APPROVED. Note: E
43、ven if constant boundary conditions are applied considerable deviations of evaluation results are to be expected. In cases the approval is not granted, it is recommended though not necessary to measure the colour difference(s) according to the method BO109-02 and/or the gloss difference(s) according
44、 to the method BI110-01. On basis of those estimates further guidance can be given. If the measurement evaluation result is contrary to the visual evaluation result, it is recommended though not necessary to consult another evaluator. FORD LABORATORY TEST METHODFLTM B0 109-01Printed copies are uncon
45、trolled Copyright 2010, Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Page 7 of 8 For a successful assessment, the following is recommended: - Do not study any measurement results nor assessment results or views of others before performing your assessment. - Critical assessments should be made by at least three pe
46、rsons with alternating positioning of sample and reference (from the left to the right side). - The assessment shall be performed within 1 - 3 minutes. - Use test piece holder to guarantee same levels and angles of sample and reference at all times. - If the sample is compared to a Master Standard t
47、he difference of the Master Standard to the Design Centre Standard needs to be taken into account. - As a complement an assessment can be made outdoors in daylight, which is strongly recommended for developing new colours. - Have your colour vision checked regularly and make sure no evaluator has in
48、sufficient colour vision in regard to the evaluation task. 7. Report The test report shall include: 1. Identification a. for references & samples separately: i. Name / Colour ii. Application iii. D C C Code iv. Manufacturer v. Technology vi. Material vii. Ident-# viii. Date issued 2. Illumination In
49、formation a. Outdoors i. Location ii. Date and Time iii. Conditions b. Light Booth i. Name ii. Serial Number iii. Main illumination iv. Indication if operation time is exceeded according to 3.2.6 of this method 3. Evaluation Data a. Face Matching: i. DL, DC, DH, DS, DG values & respective rating b. Flash Matching: i. Aspecular evaluation angle ii. DL, DC, DH, DS, DG values & respective rating c. Flop Matching: i. Aspecular evaluation angle ii. DL, DC, DH, DS, DG values & respective rating d. Post Assembly
