1、DOC 9274-AN/904 Manual on the Use of the Collision Risk Model (CRM) for ILS Operations First Edition - 1980 Approved by the Secretary General and published under his authority INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license
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13、 with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-Manual on the Use of the Collision Risk Model (CRM) for ILS Operations First Edition - 1980 Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduct
14、ion or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-AMENDMENTS The issue of amendments is announced in the ICAO Bulletin and in the monthly supplements to the Ciatalogue of ICAO Publications, which holders of this publication should consult. These amendments are available free upon request. I No.
15、 I Date I Entered by I No. I Date I Entered by I (ii) Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-Contents Foreword List of References Abbreviations Part 1. Instructions on
16、 the Use of the CRM 1. General 2. Basic Concepts 3. CRM Request 4. Results Available from the CRM Appendix A. Modelling of Obstacles and Description of Coordinate Systems Appendix B. Sample CRM Request Form Appendix C. Instructions for the Completion Appendix D. Examples of CRM Requests Appendix E.
17、Computer Generated Reports of the CRM Request Form Part 11. Background and Derivation of the CRM Chapter 1. General Chapter 2. Description of the Mathematical Model Chapter 3. Distributions of Aeroplane Displacement Chapter 4. Missed Approach Vertical Distributions Chapter 5. Missed Approach Lateral
18、 Distr ihutions Chapter 6. Computation of Risk Associated with Individual Obstacles Chapter 7. Derivation of the Missed Approach Factor Chapter 8. Shadowing during an ILS Approach Part Ill. Implementation of the CRM Computer Programmes 1. Distribution of the CRM Computer Programmes 2. Organization o
19、f the CRM Computer Programmes 3. Testing of the CRM Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-Foreword General The purpose of this document is to present a comprehensive
20、description of the Collision Risk Model (CRM) and instruc- tions for its use. The Collision Risk Model is a computer programme that calculates the probability of collision with obstacles by an aeroplane on an ILS approach and possible subsequent missed approsch. The CRM was developed by the Obstacle
21、 Clearance Panel as a result of an extensive data collection programme followed by detailed mathematical analysis. The CRM is an important part of the criteria for ILS operations described in Part I11 of the PANS-OPS, Volume I1 (Doc 81 68-0PS/611) (Reference 1 ) which acts as a working document for
22、the procedures specialist in the design and construction of visual and instrument approach procedures. The operational use of these procedures is described in PANS-OPS, Volume I (Keference 2) for the guidacce of flight operations personnel. During its work the Obstacle Clearance Panel developed a sy
23、stem of surfaces, referred to as the obstacle assessment surfaces (OAS) (Reference 1). The OAS surfaces enable the obstacles in the vicinity of a runway to be partitioned into those “accountable” obstacles which penetrate the surfaces and those “non-accountable“ obstacles which do not penetr- ate. A
24、n obstacle clearance altitudelhcight (OCA/tI) is then chosen to ensure that the path of an aeroplane flying an ILS approach and missed approach will remain safely above all accountable obstacles. This method, while simple in concept and easy to apply in practice, suffers from two main drawbacks. Fir
25、stly, the requirements that the OAS be of simple form (a set of plane surf2ces) to allow easy manual application of the criteria results in the surfaces being over-protective in certain areas. The method of construction of the OAS means that this is particularly the case in thc vicinity of the runwa
26、y. This is precisely the area where critical obstacles (glide path antenna, holding aircraft, etc.i are msi likely to be sited. Hence, under the OAS criteria such obstacles mny unnecessarily prevent aeroplanes operating to low minima. -_ .- .- Secondly, the use of the OAS implies that these surra an
27、d b) provide minimum acceptable OCA or OCH values for a specific set of conditions and runway environment. The CRM may also be used to assist: - in aerodrome planning (in evaluating possible locations for new runways in a given geographical and obstacle environment); - in deciding whether or not an
28、existing object should be removed; and - in deciding whether or not a particular new construction would result in operational penalty (Le., in an increase in the OCA/H). . -. Presentation The material in this manual is divided into three parts as follows: .-_. . -. . Part I - Instructions on the Use
29、 of the CRIM Explains the details related to the use of the CRM inclucl- ing various options. Related forms and samples are attached. Familiarization with this part is necessary prior to use of the ICAO CRM service._ -. - - Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under li
30、cense with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-STD-ICAO 7274-AN/704-ENGL 7b2 W Part I1 - Background and Derivatiou of the CRM Explains the philosophy or the CRM and the math- ematical and/or statistical assumptions made in its derivation. Familiarizat
31、ion with this part is not necessary prior to.using the ICAO CRM service but will help in the understanding of the application of the CRM and in the interpretation of the bRM output information. Part 111 - Implementation of the CRM Computer Programms Details related to the acquisition of the CRM comp
32、uter programme are explained in this part. It also contains information relevant to the implementation and use of such programmes outside ICAO. This part also gives a description of the organization of the CRM computer programmes and the required data files. Applicability The material in this manual
33、 is free of mandatory implica- tions. However, with a view to promoting. world-wide uni- formity in the application of the CRM, States are urged to use, IO the extent possible, the material and procedures pro- vided in this manual. It is important that the output informa- tion from the CRM implement
34、ed on a users computer be I exactly the same as that from the ICAO computer. If for some reason it is necessary to alter the CRM programme implemented on a users computer from that in the ICAO computer the resulting information should not be referred to as CRM information. Amendment No. 1 Amendment
35、No. 1 has been developed in response to a recommendation made by the Obstacle Clearance Panel at its seventh meeting (Montreal, 23 February - 13 March 1981). In addition to some editorial changes to the manual lhe Imendment includes the following system enhance- ments. I) lhe capability to process m
36、ultiple requested cases in a single computer run; 2) the capability of defining obstacles by “wall” models in all input data coordinate systems, and 3) the capability of providing a warning when the Annex 14 inner approach, inner transitional and balked landing surfaces based on a horizontal runway
37、are penetrated. The amendment also makes reference to a new document Sofhuare Documentation .for the Collision Risk Model (CRM) filr ILS Operations (Doc 9387-ANi917) which has been developed by ICAO as a result of a request of the above- mentioned panel meeting. This document, intended for use by co
38、mputer specialists, is not part of the amendment but can be obtained from ICAO in English, upon request. Amendment No. 2 Amendment No. 2 contains editorial modifications to the Collision Risk Model Request Form and the descriptive text. Updating of the Manual It is intended that the manual be kept u
39、p to date. Future edi- tions will be improved on the basis of the resul:s of the work of ICAO and of comments and suggestions received from the users of this manual. Therefore, readers are invited to give their views, comments and suggestions on this edition. These should be directed to the Secretar
40、y General of ICAO. However, it should be noted that the actual programme of risk calculation will be amended only if it becomes neces- sary to change the basic criteria contained in PANS-OPS, Volume 11. 21/7/83 No. 2 Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license w
41、ith ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-LIST OF REFERENCES The following documents are referred to in this manual. 1. Procedures for Air Navigation Services - Aircrafr Operations (PANS-OPS), Volume 11, Construction of Visual and lnstmment Flight Proce
42、dures, Doc 8168-OPS/611, ICAO Montreal (First Edition, 1979). 2. Procedures for Air Navigation Services - Aircrafr Operations (PANS-OFS), Volume 1, Flightfiocedures, Doc 8168-OPS/611, ICAO Montreal (First Edition, 1980). 3. Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation - Aerodromes, ICA
43、O Montreal (Seventh Edition, 1976). 4. P. Brooker and T. lngham, Targer Levels of Safe for Controlled Airspace, Paper 77002, Civil Aviation Authority (U.K.) 119771. 5. J. M. H. Van Vlaenderen and 11. J. Burgerhout. Measurements and Analysis of Operational Ail- Weather ILS Approaches - Final Report o
44、n the Netherlands Contribution to the Obstacle Clearance Data Collection (OCDAC) Programme for ICAO, Technical Report 72008 U, National Aerospace Laboratory (Kingdom of the Netherlands) 119721. 6. J. M. H. Van Vlaenderen, Results ojrhe Approach Path Measuring Program by Radar at Schiphol Airporr dur
45、ing the Wlnter 1966-1967 (Parls 1 and 2), Technical Report 68096 U, National Aerospace Laboratory (Kingdom ot the Netherlands) 119681. 7. A Summary of Aircrajl Landing Perjormance Characteristics 1966-1968, Aircraft Information Memo 11, Board of Trade, Aviation Operational Research Branch, London (1
46、968). 8. Donald P. Pate. ILS Category I1 Missed Approach Simulation, Report Number FAA-AFS-500-10, Federal Aviation Administration, Flight Standards Service, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (FebrLary 1976). 9. K. Hurrass, Approaches Meusured or Frankfurt Airport, Unpublished DFVLR Report, Federal Republic
47、of Germany. 10. ILS Approach Data Collection Program, Unpublished Report, Federal Aviation Administration. National Flight Inspection Division, Aeronautical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (1969) II. Annex 10, Volume I, to the Convention on lnternational Civil Aviation - Aeronautical Telecommunicati
48、ons, ICAO Montreal (Third Edition, 1972). 12. H. J. Burgerhout, A Class of Probabiliw Distributions with Application to Aircraft Flight Path Anabsis, Technical Report 70119 U, National Aerospace Laboratory (Kingdom of the Netherlands) 19701. 13. Kendall and Stuart, The Advanced Theory of Sratistics,
49、 Volume I, lhird Edition, Griffin. London (1969) 14. P. W. Williams, Numerical Computations, Nelson, London (1972). 15. A Theoretical Study of Height Control in Flight Close to the Ground as A.JeLled by Elevator Llfi and Cockpit Control, Technical Report 69097, Royal Aircraft Establishment (U.K.) I9691 16. The Control Characteristics of Aircraft Employing Direct Lijt Control, Technical Report 68140. Royal Aircraft E
