1、DOC 9808-ANl765 4/4/03 CORRIGENDUM (English only) HUMAN FACTORS IN CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY OPERATIONS FIRST EDITION - 2002 CORRIGENDUM 1. On page 2-5, please amend by hand the caption for Figure 2-3 by adding the words “and response feedback” and add the date “4/4/03” and “COIT. in the bottom left-h
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17、n Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Doc9808 . AN1765 Human Factors in Civil Aviation Security Operations Approved by the Secretary General and published under his authority Fint Edition - 2002 Intern
18、ational Civil Aviation Organization Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-AMENDMENTS No. The issue of amendments is announced regularly in the ICA0 Journal and in t
19、he monthly Supplement to the Catalogue of ICA0 Publications and Audio-visual Training Aids, which holders of this publication should consult. The space below is provided to keep a record of such amendments. Date Entered by RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA I I (ii) Copyright International Civil Av
20、iation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword v Page Introduction vi List of Acronyms xi Chapter 1 . Operators: Personnel Selection. “raining and Assessment. Retention . 1-
21、1 1.1 Introduction 1-1 1.2 Personnel selection . i . 1 I . 3 Training and assessment 1-3 1.4 Personnel retention . 1-6 Chapter 2. Technologies in Civil Aviation Security Operations . 2-1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Introduction 2-1 New technologies 2- 1 Threat image projection (TIP) 2-3 Trace ex
22、plosives detection Liquid detection . 2-7 Passenger profiling . 2-7 Ergonomic design . 2-7 Image enhancement 2-2 systems (TEDS) . 2-6 Chapter 3 . Operational Environment and Organizational Culture . 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Operational environment 3.3 Organizational culture Chapter 4 . Certicati
23、on . 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Personnel certification 4.3 Technology certification 4.4 Certification of security companies . Chapter 5 . Summary and Future Directions . 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Future directions 5.3 Recommended practices and conclusion Appendix A . Ikaining System Usability Evaluation Check
24、list for Human Factors Engineers . Appendix B . Training Media Optimization Appendix C . Course Outline: Human Factors Elements for Civil Aviation Security Training . Appendix D . Sample naining Content Outlines for X-ray Screening . 3-1 3-5 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-2 5-1 5-1 5-2 5-3 A-1 B-1 c-1 D-1 Append
25、ix E . Bibliography . E-1 Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-FOREWORD The safety of the civil aviation system is the major objective of the International Civil A
26、viation Organization (ICAO). While considerable progress has been made in this area, additional improvements are needed and can be achieved. It has long been known that the vast majority of aviation accidents and incidents result from less than optimum human performance, indicating that any advance
27、in this field can be expected to have a significant impact on the improvement of aviation safety. This was recognized by the ICAO Assembly, which in 1986 adopted Resolution A269 on Flight Safety and Human Factors. As a follow-up to the Assembly Resolution, the Air Navigation Commission formulated th
28、e following objective for the task: To improve safety in aviation by making States more aware and responsive to the importance of Human Factors in civil aviation operations through the provision of practical Human Factors materials and measures, developed on the basis of experience in States, and by
29、 developing and recommending appropriate amendments to existing material in Annexes and other documents with regard to the role of Human Factors in the present and future operational environments. Special emphasis will be directed to the Human Factors issues that may influence the design, transition
30、 and in-service use of the future ICAO CNS/ATM systems. One of the methods chosen to implement Assembly Resolution A26-9 is the publication of guidance materiais, including digests and a series of manuals, which address various aspects of Human Factors and its impact on aviation safety. These docume
31、nts are intended primarily for use by States to increase the awareness of their personnel of the influence of human performance on safety. The targct.audiencc of Human Factors manuals and digests is the managers of both civil aviation administrations and the airline industiy, including airline safel
32、y, training and operational managers; regulatory bodies, safety and investi- gation agencies and training establishments; as well as senior and middle non-operational airline management. This manual is an introduction to the latest information available to the international aviation community on rel
33、evant Human Factors considerations in civil aviation security oper- ations. Its target audience also includes senior safety, training and operational personnel in industry and regulatory bodies. The manual is intended as a Living document and will be updated by periodic amendments. Subsequent editio
34、ns will be published, as new research results that reflect increased knowledge on Human Factors become available and further operational experience in regard to the control and manage- ment of human error in operational environments is accrued. Readers are invited to give their comments. views and s
35、uggestions by addressing them to: The Secretary General International Civil Aviation Organization 999 University Street Montral, Quebec H3C 5H7 Canada Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted with
36、out license from IHS-,-,-INTRODUCTION The threat of terrorist attack on civil aviation is an ever present danger, as was tragically demonstrated on I i September2001 by the hijacking and destruction of four jet aircraft in the United States airspace, where all on board were killed along with thousan
37、ds on the ground. The tragedy highlighted the overriding objective of the civil aviation security systcm to use all available resources (e.g. technology and personnel) to prevent acts of terrorism as weil as other acts of unlawful intervention in the civil aviation system. In this civil aviation sec
38、urity system, the most critical component is the operators who make the safety-critical decisions. While the central importance of human performance (or Human Factors issues) to many areas of civil aviation (e.g. aircraft cockpit design) has been recognized for several decades, the importance of Hum
39、an Factors issues in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of civil aviation security has only reccntly been acknowledged. It was not long ago that this Human Factors perspective was applied in civil aviation security operations, where the deployment of increasingly sophisticated technologies a
40、gainst a back- drop of accelerating growth in air travel has heightened and intensified the demands on the human operators. If we are to achieve the highest standards of security in civil aviation, it is imperative that the Human Factors con- siderations in relation to the civil aviation security sy
41、stem are addressed through concerted international efforts. Onc mechanism for building intemational consensus and collab- oration is the International Technical Advisory Group (InterTAG) which coordinates the exchange of research and development information relating to Recommended Practices for Huma
42、n Factors among all participating States. Clearly, the pressing urgency of this issue cannot be overemphasized. Already, the securing of the air transpor- tation system, which encompasses countless airports, aircraft, flights as well as 1.6 billion passengers (1999 ICAO figures) and their accompanyi
43、ng luggage, has become an increasingly complex task. A single lapse in aviation security operations can result in huge fatalities, the destruction of equipment and the erosion of the travelling publics confidence in air travel. Essentially, it takes the presence of just one explosive device on board
44、 an aircraft - among a billion or more bags screene -to shatter the credibility of the entire civil aviation security system. For this reason, numerous regulatory authorities have recently increased allocation of resources to address Human Factors issues in aviation safety and security systems. Thro
45、ugh its Flight Safety and Human Factors Programme, ICAO has developed numerous SARPs reflecting the contribution of Human Factors in all aspects of civil aviation safety and security. In 1997, the Air Navigation Commission approved a proposal to include SARPs related to the role of Human Factors in
46、current and future operational environ- ments in the following Annexes to the Convention on Inter- national Civil Aviation: Annex 1 - Personnel Licensing, Annex 3 - Meteorological Service for international Air Navigation, Annex 4 -Aeronautical Charts, Annex 5 - Units of Measuremenr to be Used in Air
47、 and Ground Operations, Annex 6 - Operation of Aimafi, Annex 8 - Airworthiness of AiKrafi, Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommunications, Annex 11 - Air Trafic Services, Annex 13 - Aircrafi Accident and Incident Investigation, Annex 14 - Aerodmmes, Annex 15 - Aeronautical Information Services, and Anne
48、x 16 - Environmental Protection. , On the issue of civil aviation security, the eighth meeting of the Aviation Security Panel (AVSECPl8, 23-26 May 1995) discussed, inter alia, the feasibility of developing and including in Annex 17 - Security SARPs which address the role of Human Factors in operatio
49、nal environments. Since AVSECP/S, devel- opments within ICAO and among Contracting States vis- -vis research and practical consideration of Human Factors issues in aviation operations have enhanced the understanding of Human Factors issues related to civil aviation security operations. Consequently, the AVSEC panel (AVSECPIIO, 11-14 April 2000) approved a pr
