1、IES DG-1-16Design Guide for Color and IlluminationIES DG-1-16Color and IlluminationPublication of this Design Guidehas been approved by IES.Suggestions for revisionsshould be directed to IES.Prepared by:The IES Color CommitteeCopyright 2016 by the Illuminating Engineering Society.Approved by the IES
2、 Board of Directors, October 23, 2016, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating E
3、ngineering Society, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please forward them to Brian Liebel
4、, Director of Standards and Research, at the above address for verification and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments.Printed in the United States of America.ISBN # 978-0-87995-339-3DISCLAIMERIES publications are developed through the consensus standards development process ap
5、proved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES administers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the develop
6、ment of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly o
7、r indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document.In issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any pe
8、rson or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to poli
9、ce or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the requirements of this document shall not be attributable to the IES
10、 and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.Prepared by the IES Color CommitteeWendy Luedtke, ChairJason Livingston, Vice ChairC. CowanW. DavisF. FlorentineT. HensleyC. HuntN. Miller*M. RoyerM. Thompson*L. WhiteheadM. Wood* Advisory memberPlease refer to the IES Book
11、store after you purchase this IES Standard, for possible Errata, Addenda, and Clarifications, www.ies.org/bookstoreContents1.0 INTRODUCTION 12.0 BASIC CONCEPTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 Introd
12、uction 12.2 Defining “White Light“ . 22.3 Color of Light and Objects 42.4 Applying Color Terms 42.5 Designers Color Terms 53.0 HUMAN COLOR VISION 63.1 The Human Eye . 63.2 Univariance 73.3 Metamerism 83.4 Additive and Subtractive Color Mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.5 Color Constancy and Chromatic Adaptation . 93.6 The Helmholtz-Kohlrausch Effect 114.0 COLOR MEASUREMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114.1 Purpose of Color Measurement 114.2 C
14、olor Measurement of Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.2.1 Relationship between Spectral Content and Luminous Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.2.2 Specifying Light Source Color 134.2.3 Uniform Color Spaces 1
15、44.2.4 Correlated Color Temperature 154.3 Color Measurement of Objects . 164.3.1 CIE 1976 L* a* b*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.3.2 CIE 1976 L*u*v* . 174.3.3 Recent Advances in Object Color Measurement. . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.4 Instrument Measurements . 184.4.1 Measuring Color Properties of Light Sources 184.4.2 Measuring Color Properties of Objects . 194.4.3 Instrument Selection and Use 195.0 COLOR SYSTEMS 195.1 Introduction . 195.2 Color Characterization and Specif
17、ication Systems for Materials or Objects 205.2.1 Indexing Using Color Mixing . 205.2.2 Indexing Using Color Perception 205.5 Color Characterization and Specification Systems for Digital Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.6 Matching Systems and Conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216.0 COLOR RENDERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216.1 Introduction . 216.2 Color Rendering Index 226.3 Acceptable Color Rendering . 236.4 Limitati
19、ons of the Current CIE General Color Rendering Index (CRI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.5 Beyond CRI Other Color Rendering Metrics . 257.0 LIGHT SOURCES . 277.1 Color and Efficiency in Light Sources . 277.2 Color Capabilty of Lamp Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.2.1 Incandescent and Halogen 287.2.2 Fluorescent . 287.2.3 Induction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.2.4 Cold Cathode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.2.5 High Intensity Discharge 297.2.6 Plasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297.2.7 LED . 297.2.8 OLE . 317.3 Summary . 318
22、.0 USE OF COLOR IN LIGHT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338.1 Colors of White Light . 338.1.1 Selecting Colors of White Light . 338.2 Daylight 358.2.1 Color Temperature . 358.2.2 Color Rendering . 358.3 Using Colored
23、 Light 358.4 Color Perception . 358.4.1 Dominant and Recessive Colors 358.4.2 Warm and Cool Colors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.5 Color Meaning . 368.6 Coloring White Lights . 368.6.1 Plastic Filters . 368.6.2 Colored Glas
24、s Filters . 378.6.3 Dichroic Glass Filters . 378.7 Evaluating the Use of Colored Light . 378.7.1 Sketches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.7.2 Computer Generated Images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388.7.3 Mockups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388.8 Specifying Colored Light 388.8.1 Incandescent and Tungsten-Halogen Lamps. . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.8.2 Fluorescent Lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.8.3 High-Intensity Discharge Lamps 398.8.4 Neon and Cold Cathode Lamps . 398.8.5 LED Lamps. . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.9 Controls for Colored Light Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409.0 COLOR PERFORMANCE STANDARDS AND PRODUCT LABELING . 40CONCLUSION .4
28、3GLOSSARY COMMON LIGHTING TERMS.44ADDITIONAL TERMS .64REFERENCES.661IES DG-1-161.0 INTRODUCTIONWhen developing a lighting design, lighting specifiers determine the lamp and fixture combination that best suits the designs requirements based on many factors. While some considerations are largely techn
29、ical, such as power consumption, the amount of light generated, and how light is distributed, one consideration is both technical and artistic and can be approached in a number of ways. That aspect of light is color, and it is the subject of this Design Guide.Color can be described using concrete va
30、lues such as chromaticity coordinates, spectral power distribution, or others discussed later in this guide. However, ones response to color can be much more personal and emotionaland therefore more difficult to quantify. This guide takes the reader from basic vision and color vocabulary, through me
31、thods of measuring and quantifying color, and culminates in the practical use of commercially available white light and colored lights. The definitions, metrics, and references discussed will assist in building a critical understanding of the use and application of color in lighting.A quick review o
32、f the development of light sources1will help illustrate todays increased need to thoroughly understand the many aspects of color. Long ago, humankind had two light sourcesdaylight and fire. For centuries, the burning of wood, wax, vegetable oils, and animal fats was used to generate light. In the ea
33、rly 19thcentury, the production of a new fuel, coal gas, was sufficiently refined to permit large-scale distribution in cities, which provided a cleaner way to produce light. In the middle of the 19thcentury, kerosene was developed, providing another source of light by fire.Then, in the late 19thcen
34、tury, the incandescent lamp was commercialized and became widely used. Daylight, fire, and incandescent lighting are continuous-spectrum light sources. That is, each delivers some appreciable amount of light at each wavelength in the visible spectrum. Daylight varies over the course of the day and y
35、ear but is generally biased toward the short-wavelength (blue) part of the visible spectrum (sunrise and sunset notwithstanding). Fire and incandescent lamps are biased toward the long-wavelength (red) part of the visible spectrum.Discharge lamps were commercialized in the early 1930s, and by the mi
36、d-20thcentury, fluorescent lighting emerged as the first technology that enabled significant manipulation of a white light sources spectrum. Designers found, for the first time, that they could select either a “warm” or “cool” white light source, based on the interior color palette and desired atmos
37、phere in a space. The selection of the appropriate tint of white light became a component of lighting design.Recently, huge strides have been made with solid-state lighting (SSL). Among various SSL technologies, light emitting diodes (LEDs) have become popular light sources for architectural lightin
38、g. LEDs, which, at their most basic, emit only a narrow portion of the visible spectrum, allow for the efficient production of saturated colors, as well a range of white light colors.The understanding of the color properties of light and their applications is finding an unprecedented relevance in th
39、e lighting industry. As a result, lighting professionals are faced with an increased need for accurate quantitative and qualitative descriptions of the color related performance of all light sources. Lighting professionals need an understanding of human vision and psychology to appreciate the ways t
40、hat light will affect users and their color perception. They also need a command of the vocabulary and methods used to describe and measure color. They should know the color rendering strengths and weaknesses of available lamp technologies. Finally, they are expected to have the artistic and technic
41、al ability to apply all of this information in the field in order to realize designs that meet the needs of the users, support the overall design and project goals, and use white and/or colored light appropriately and effectively.2.0 BASIC CONCEPTS 2.1 IntroductionLight is radiant energy capable of
42、exciting the retina and producing a visual sensation. The visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extends from about 380 to 7702nanometers (nm), as shown in Figure 1. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter (10-9meter). When the radiant energy of a single wavelength is viewed, it appears to
43、be of a single spectral color. One could ask: How many different colors can people see? Unfortunately, this simple question yields not just one answer but a whole series of them. If color samples are placed side by side, most people can distinguish more than a thousand different colors; however, if
44、samples are presented one at a time, performance declines. In fact, when samples are seen one at 2IES DG-1-16a time, with several seconds elapsing between samples, most people can reliably recognize fewer than a dozen different colors. Halsey and Chapanis, 195132.2 Defining “White Light”White light
45、can be described as light that has no perceptible color to a typical viewer. Most people are familiar with the idea of separating white light, such as from daylight or incandescent sources, into its color components using a prism. These color components or, technically speaking, the radiant power at
46、 each wavelength, can vary greatly, but the overall effect from each source is an appearance of white light. One way that lighting professionals can examine the difference between white light sources is by comparing their spectral power distributions. Spectral power distribution (SPD) data describe
47、the radiant power emanating from a light source at each wavelength. SPDs are often shown graphically, for the designers use.Daylight produces a full spectrum, with greater power in the shorter (blue) wavelengths (see Figure 2). Incandescent sources also produce power across the entire visible spectr
48、um, with more power in the longer (red) wavelengths (see Figure 3). The SPDs of other electric light sources depend on multiple characteristics, discussed later in this guide. Typical examples include: Fluorescent sources produce power throughout much of the visible spectrum, with large spikes of sp
49、ectral power in some spectral regions (see Figure 4). Similarly, high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps (metal halide, high-pressure sodium, and mercury vapor) also produce spikes of spectral power, as shown in Figure 5. Some HID lamps use phosphor coatings to broaden the red region (around 650 nm) of the spectrum of emitted light. Colored light emitting diodes (LEDs) produce light within a narrow range of wavelengths. Luminaires using these narrowband emitters often combine several colors, such as red, blue, and green, to produce white light (see Figure 6). White LED
